ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” – ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘

10-53 (ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ)

ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ

ืงื•ื“ื ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ื–ื” ืœื–ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื ืงืจืืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ. ืกื™ืžืŸ 51 ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืืœื ืจืง ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ื, ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคืจืชื. ืื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจืš ืžืกืžืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื›ืœืœื™:

ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ืืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช) ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืคืจ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื• ืขืงื‘ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืคืจ ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืงื™ื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืžืคืจ ืืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื. ืื ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื ืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื โ€“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื• (ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืฉ ื ืฉื•ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžืื™ืฉืชื•, ืื• ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ืœืฉืืชื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชืชื’ืจืฉ ืžื‘ืขืœื”).

ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื:

(ื)ย ย ย  ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื•ืขืงื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

(ื‘)ย ย ย  ื ื–ืง ื›ืกืคื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื ืคื’ืข ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื”

(ื’)ย ย ย ย ย  ื ื–ืง ื›ืœืœื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ: ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื’ืจืžื”)

ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ:

ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช:

(1)ย ย ย ย  ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืขื•

(2)ย ย ย ย  ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”

ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืคืจ ืœืฉืœื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืงื™ื™ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ:

(ื)ย ย ย  ื ื–ืง ืžืžืฉื™ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.

(ื‘)ย ย ย  ื ื–ืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืจ ื”ื ืคืฉื™.

ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืคืจืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช. ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื• ืขื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืคืจ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ, ืื• ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื• ืœื• ืื—"ื› ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ โ€“ ืœื ืชืฉืžืข ื˜ืขื ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืคืจืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืจืง ืื ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืขื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ื™ืฉืื• ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœื ืงื•ื™ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืข"ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ

ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืžืŸ 53 ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื“"ืจ. ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืงื˜ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ื ืงืจื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ) ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ืขื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ื›ื‘ืจ ืข"ื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ืงืฉืจืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช: ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ืขื“ืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืื•ืกืจืช ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ. ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ื–ื” ืžื–ื” โ€“ ื–ืงื•ืงื” ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื’ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœืื—ืจ. ืœื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ืœืฉื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื—ืกืจ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœืฉื ื—ื™ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช. ืœื–ื” ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื ืขืฉื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื:

(1)ย ย ย ย  ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

(2)ย ย ย ย  ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” โ€“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœื”ืกื›ื ื›ื–ื” ืจืง ืื ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ:

(ื)ย ย ย  ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื˜ืจ โ€“ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกืจ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ืžืกืžืš ื‘ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื”ืจื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื–ื”". ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขื•ื“.

(ื‘)ย ย ย  ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืื” โ€“ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื "ื”ืจื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื” ื–ื•" ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืœืฉื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื”. ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงื“ื•ื.

(ื’)ย ย ย ย ย  ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื›ืกืฃ โ€“ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช โ€“ ื”ื—ืชืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฉื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื ื”ื—ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืขืœ ืืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ืฉื” ื›ื“ืžื•"ื™.

ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื. ืื ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ืื ื‘ืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ โ€“ ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื›ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ื. ื”ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื˜ืงืก ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขืฉื• ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ื”ืžืœืื” ืœืฉื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื.

ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” โ€“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ื‘ืขืช ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื. ืื ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ โ€“ ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืชืคืกื•. ื”ื ื•ืกื— "ื”ืจื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื™" ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืขื›ื‘, ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื•ืกื— ืื—ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžืกืจ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฉื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืงื•ื™ืžื• ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื ืขืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ: ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื•, ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืกืคืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— "ื”ืจื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื™". ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืืจืฆื™ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื™ ื›ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืกื“ืจ ื—ื•ืคื” ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืืœื ืื ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ ื•ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ืš ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช.

ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืืกื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ. ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืืœื ืข"ื™ ื’ื˜ ืื• ื‘ืžื•ืชื•. ื’ื ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืžื›ื•ื— ืชืงื ืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ"ื’. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ื•ืœื ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ื ืฉื•ืื”.

ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืื™ื ืจืง ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื”ื—ืชืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืžืฆืื ื™ื—ื“ ืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื”, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื, ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื”ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื“, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœืืจืฉ ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ื•ืคื” ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืขืฉืจื”, ื•ืื ืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ื•ืคื” ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื "ืœย  – ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืจืฉื” ื‘ื’ื˜ ื•ืœืฉืœื ืœื” ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื™"ื“. ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืคื•ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื—ืชืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืจืง ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื: ืื ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืื• ื›ืกืฃ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืจื• ืœื” "ื”ืจื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื™" (ืืŸ ื›ืœ ื ื•ืกื— ืื—ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”) ื•ืข"ื™ ื–ื” ืงื™ื“ืฉ ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื• ืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื• ืœืฉื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ื•ื ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื™ื. ืื•ืœื, ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš.

ืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช 14 ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื. ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 7 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื•ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช.

ืœืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ืจื™ืฉื•ื) โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืฉืžืช (ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืจื‘) ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ืงืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืœืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืจืฉื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืžื’ื™ืœ 13 ื•ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื. ืื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœื ืžืœืื• ืœื” ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื—ืฆื™, ืื•ืœื ื“ืขืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ืžืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื”, ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื ืœืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืช ืงื˜ื ื”, ืืœื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื“ืœ ื•ืชืืžืจ: "ื‘ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ืคืฆื”". ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช โ€“ ืื ื™ืงื“ืฉ ืื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื” โ€“ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™ืชืคืกื•.

ืื ื‘ืขืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื• ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื˜ื” ื’ืžื•ืจ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ืื ื“ืขืชื• ืฆืœื•ืœื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื—ืœื•ืฉื” ื•ื“ืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืกื™ื. ื—ืจืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ ื“ืขืช. ืื•ืœื ื—ื–"ืœ ืชื™ืงื ื• ืœื”ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืืš ืœื ืชื™ืงื ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืข"ืค ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืข"ืค ื“ื™ืŸ.

ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

ืฉืืœื” ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืžืฉืืœืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื™ืœ ืจืฉืื™ื ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื›ืฉืจื•ืชื ืื™ื ื” ื ืคื’ืขืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ โ€“ ื’ื™ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื ืขืจื” ื”ื•ื 17. ืœืคื™ ืก' 5 ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื ืขืจื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ื’ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 17 โ€“ ืื ื”ืจืชื” ืื• ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœื•, ืื• ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื–ืืช. ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืขื•ื ืฉ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ (ืืš ืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื”), ืื•ืœื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื:

(ื)ย ย ย  ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืื, ื”ื‘ืช, ื”ืื—ื•ืช, ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ, ืื—ื•ืช ืืฉืชื• ื”ื—ื™ื” (ื’ื ืื ื’ื•ืจืฉื”) โ€“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ื˜.

(ื‘)ย ย ย  ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก โ€“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืื ืกื• ืืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื. ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก.

(ื’)ย ย ย ย ย  ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“ ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ.

ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืืžื ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื•ื”ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ืืŸ ืœืงื™ืฆื ืข"ื™ ื’ื˜ ืื• ืžื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ืฉ โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืกืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืืกื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื ืืกื•ืจื™ื:

(ื)ย ย ย  ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

(ื‘)ย ย ย  ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืจื™ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ยท ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื ืชื” ืชื—ืช ื‘ืขืœื” โ€“ ืืกื•ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ืขืœื” ื•ื‘ื•ืขืœื”, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื” ืžื‘ืขืœื”.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ยท ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื ื™ืฉืืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ โ€“ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื• ืืกื•ืจื™ื (ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืช) โ€“ ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื™ื›ืคื” ื’ื˜ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ยท ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ. ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืœืฉืืช ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœื™ื“ื” (ื’ื™ื•ืจืช).

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ยท ืžืžื–ืจ ืื• ืžืžื–ืจืช (ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื—ืžืช ืขืจื•ื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”) โ€“ ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืจืง ืขื ืžืžื–ืจ ืื• ืžืžื–ืจืช, ื•ื’ืจ ืื• ื’ื™ื•ืจืช.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ยท ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืœืžื ื”ย  ื‘ืชืฉืขื™ื ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืงืขืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” โ€“ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ืฉ (ืืœื ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ืืฉืชื•).

ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ โ€“ ืžื” ื˜ื™ื‘ื?

ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ืื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ) ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขื“ืช ืœืื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืื•ืกืจืช ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืืช ืื—ืจ/ืช ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื’ื˜) โ€“ ืœื›ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจ ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืฉื ื—ื™ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”, ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช:

ื.ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ื‘.ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’, ื™ืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ

1. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ

ื›ืกืฃ, ื‘ื™ืื” ื•ืฉื˜ืจ โ€“ ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื”ื•ื’ ืจืง ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ืขื ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืชืคืกื• ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื•ืจืจื• ืกืคืง. (ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื "ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืืœื•)

ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื™ืฆื“? โ€“ ื”ื—ืชืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ ืœื›ืœื” ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืชื”, ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื, ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฉื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื”ื•ื’ ื˜ื‘ืขืช). ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื”ื—ืชืŸ ืขื•ื ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš: "ื”ืจื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื–ื• ื›ื“ืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ".

2. ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช

ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฆื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื’ืจื™ื“ื.ื‘ื“ืจ"ื› ืื ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืื• ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื โ€“ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื ืฉื•ืื™ื (ืืš ื’ื ื–ืืช ืž"ื—ืฉืฉ" ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ โ€“ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื’ื˜ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืฉื ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื•ื“ืื™). ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื—ืง ืื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ื•ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ื’ื˜.ืžืื™ื“ืš ืื ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื.

3. ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ โ€“ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื–ื•ื’ ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ื”ืžืœืื”.

4. ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ – ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื•.

5. ื”ื ื•ืกื— "ื”ืจื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื™"

ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืขื›ื‘, ื›ืœ ื ื•ืกื— ืื—ืจ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืžืกื™ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉืžื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชืžืขืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืžืกืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฉื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื™ื โ€“ ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ. ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ืจื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืกืคืง ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ื "ืœ, ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื˜ืขื ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืžืชืฉ"ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื™ ืจืง ืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื—ื•ืคื” ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ.

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ

1. ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื

ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื ื ื™ืฉืื• ืื• ืจืง ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื•. ืกืขื™ืฃ 175 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ื’ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ" ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ.

2. ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจื – ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื–ื•ื’ ื ืฉื•ื™.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 10: ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

1. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’

ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืื™ื ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื”ื—ืชืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืœื” ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ย (ืœื—ื•ืคื”) ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื• ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“.

2. ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืกืคืงื•ืช, ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืก, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” (ืื™ ืžืชืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื”), ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืืช 6 ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื ื ืฉื•ืื™ื.

ืื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื (ืื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื—ืจื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ).

3. ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

ืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช 14 ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื. ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืคืจืกืžืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื’ื ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื”. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืคื•ืกืœืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื โ€“ ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื.

4. ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื™ืฉื•ื

ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช (ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™):

ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ืจื™ืฉื•ื) โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืฉืžืช, ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ืงืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืœื–ื•ื’ ื”ืขืชืง ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืขืชืง ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–.

ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžื™ืจืฉื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื โ€“ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื ืข"ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 11: ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

1. ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื”, ืœื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื—ื•ืงื™ืช.

2. ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ โ€“ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ืื™ืฉื™

ืฉืืœืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื”ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ืื™ืฉื™, ืืฉืจ ืชื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™.

3. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื

ื. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื˜ืŸ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ/ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืฉืœื”ื, ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืจ"ื› ืœื ื™ืชืคืกื•.

"ื’ื“ื•ืœ" โ€“ ืžื’ื™ืœ 13 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืขื“ ืื– ื ืงืจื "ืงื˜ืŸ"

"ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" โ€“ ืžื’ื™ืœ 12.5 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ("ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช"). ืžื’ื™ืœ 12 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ืงืจืืช "ื ืขืจื”", ื•ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 12 ืฉื ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช "ืงื˜ื ื”".

ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืื‘ื™ื”ื:

ื–ื›ืจ โ€“ ืคืกืงื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ (ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื•, ืืš ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ). ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื–ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืื‘, ืื ืชืขืฉื”, ืœื ืชื’ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ื ืงื‘ื” โ€“ ื‘ืงื˜ื ื•ืชื” ื•ื ืขืจื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื•ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ื’ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืืœื”. ืข"ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืจืฉื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื”, ื›ืš ืฉืื ืชืชื’ืจืฉ ืื• ืชืชืืœืžืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื‘, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื” ืื• ื ืขืจื”.

ืื•ืœื ืื ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื‘ืช ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ืชื•ืžื” ืžืื‘, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืืžื” ืื• ืื—ื™ื” ืœืงื“ืฉื”, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื’ืจืฉื” ืื• ื”ืชืืœืžื ื”, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื”. ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ืคืฆื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ื ื”ืงืฅ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืืœื”, ื•ืื™ื ื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื’ื˜ โ€“ ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื ืงืจื "ืžื™ืื•ืŸ" ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช "ืžืžืื ืช".

ื‘. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื˜ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ืืš ืžืคืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื”ื™ืชืจื” ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ืื ืื“ื ื‘ืขืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืฆืœื•ืœื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื—ืœื•ืฉื” ื•ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™ืชืคืกื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืกืคืงื•ืช, ืื ื”ื™ื” "ืขืชื™ื ื—ืœื™ื ื•ืขืชื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ื”" ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื’ื˜ ืžืกืคืง (ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื˜ื” – ื”ื’ื˜ ืœื ื™ื–ื™ืง, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ื•ื“ืื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื˜ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื ืฉื ืœืื—ืจื™ื).

ื’. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื—ืจืฉ โ€“ ื—ืจืฉ, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ ื“ืขืช ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ื—ื–"ืœ ืชื™ืงื ื• ืœื”ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืืš ืœื ืชื™ืงื ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืœื ื—ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ (ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช). ืื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื”. ื”ื—ื“ืจ"ื’ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจืฉ (ื’ื ืื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”. ื—ืจืฉ ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืช "ืกื‘ืจ ื•ืงื‘ืœ" ื ื’ื“ื• ืœื ืชืฉืžืข ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื•ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื˜, ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ"ื’ ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื— ืฉื ืฉื ื—ืจืฉืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 12: ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

1. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉืืœืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื ืœื”ื ืฉื, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืฉืืœืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื™ืœื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื›ืฉืจื•ืชื ืื™ื ื” ื ืคื’ืขืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

2. ื—ื•ืง ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืชืฉ"ื™ โ€“ 1950

ื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ื’ื™ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื ืขืจื” โ€“ 17 ืฉื ื™ื.

ื”ื›ืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœืขื•ื ืฉ, ืืœื ื”ื—ืชืŸ, ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืื”.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 3 ืœื—ื•ืง โ€“ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื™ืœื” ืœื’ื˜ ืื• ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืื—ืจืช,ย  "ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื".

ืกืขื™ืฃ 5 ืœื—ื•ืง โ€“ ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื "ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื ืขืจื” ืœื”ื ืฉื, ืœืœื ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื:

1) ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืจืชื” ืื• ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ืขืจื”.

2) ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื›ืืŸ ืจืง ืื ืžืœืื• ืœื ืขืจื” 16 ืฉื ื™ื.

ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื’ืจื™ื“ื ื”ื "ืœ ืื™ื ื” ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 13: ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

1. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’

ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื ืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•.

2. ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื

ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืืฉื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื• ื›ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื. ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื โ€“ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืจ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ/ืช.

ื. ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช –ย  ืขืจื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื—ืœื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช ืื• ื›ืจืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื, ื‘ืช, ืื—ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•', ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื—ื•ืช ืืฉืชื• ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืืฉืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื ืืฉืช ืื— ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืืœืžื ื•ืชื” (ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืชื ืื™ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื”).

ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ื˜ โ€“ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื.

ื‘. ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก โ€“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ื‘ื”ื, ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ื ืก. ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื•ื ืก ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื—ืจ. ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ื ืก โ€“ ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืืœื ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืืฉื” ืงื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ื ืก (ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืกื™ื) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื ืื ืก ืœืงื“ืฉื” (ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช โ€“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจ"ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจ"ื’ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื”). ื˜ืขื ืช ืื•ื ืก ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—, ืืœื ืื ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.

ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืง ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” "ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื‘ืื•ื ืก ื•ืกื•ืคื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ" ื•ืื– ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœื ื™ืชื™ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ื’ื˜ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื ื•ืžืกืคืง.

ื’. ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืžื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืื• ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื).

ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืกื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืกืคืง, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื ืืžืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ "ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื•ืžื™ืŸ" – ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ.

ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ื˜, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืขื™ืงืจื ืžื—ืžืช ืžืงื— ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ืœื ืžื—ืœ ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื.

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ื ืชืจืคืื•, ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื.

ื˜ืขื ืช "ืกื‘ืจ ื•ืงื‘ืœ" โ€“ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื“ืข ื•ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื. ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื ืกืชืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช. ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืื• ืžื›ืœืœื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื—ื™ ืขืžื” ื—ื™ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื•ื (ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืžื•ื).

ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื’ืจืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื ืœืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.

ื‘ื“ืจ"ื› ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืœืžืคืจืข, ืืœื ื ืคืกืง ื’ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืง.

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืžื™ื, ืืœื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื• ื˜ืขื ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืจืง ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืชื ืื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื.

3. ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื™ื

ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื•ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืืš ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืกืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” โ€“ ื›ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœื ืชืฉื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ.

ื. ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืœืื• ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ืื• ื›ืจืช.

ื‘. ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื โ€“ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืจื™ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช (ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”).

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ยท ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื ืชื” ืชื—ืช ื‘ืขืœื”, ืืกื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœื” ื•ืœื‘ื•ืขืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื” ืžื‘ืขืœื”.
  • ยท ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื ื™ืฉืืช ืœื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ.
  • ยท ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื’ืจื•ืฉื” (ื’ื ื—ืœื•ืฆื” ืืกื•ืจื”)
  • ยท ื’ื™ื•ืจืช ื•ื›ื”ืŸ.
  • ยท ื™ื‘ืžื” ืœืฉื•ืง โ€“ ืืฉื” ืฉืžืช ื‘ืขืœื” ืœืœื ืฆืืฆืื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื— ("ื™ื‘ื"), ืืกื•ืจื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื–ืจ ("ืฉื•ืง") ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืงื‘ืœื” ื—ืœื™ืฆื” ืžืื— ื”ื‘ืขืœ.
  • ยท ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืžืžื–ืจ ื•ืžืžื–ืจืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœื™ (ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžืžื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืจืง ืขื ืžืžื–ืจื™ื ืื• ื’ืจ/ื’ื™ื•ืจืช).
  • ยท ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืœืžื ื” ื‘ืชืฉืขื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืงื™ืขืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” (ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื“ื/ื–ืจืข โ€“ ืคืŸ ื”ืืฉื” ื”ืจืชื” ืœื‘ืขืœื”) โ€“ ื—ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉืœื ื’ืจื• ื™ื—ื“.
  • ยท ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื•ืœื“, ืœื ื™ืฉื ืื“ื ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื• ืžื™ื ืงืช ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืขื“ ืฉื™ืžืœืื• ืœื•ื•ืœื“ 24 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.

ืขืžื•ื“ 88-215

ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ืข"ืค ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื:

ืžื˜ืจืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืข"ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’. ืืžื ื, ืœื‘ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืืš ืืœื• ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืžืจ ื‘ืื™ืฉื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ืœืื•ืจ ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•, ืงืจื™ ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื›ื— ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื).

ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”:

ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืกืกื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืืœื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.

ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืขืจื™ื›ืชื” ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื”: ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื•ืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื™ื™ืžืŸ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื•ืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช (ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”):

  • ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ (ืื• ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื•) ืœืฉืœื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ (ืคืจื˜ ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืข"ืค ื”ื“ื™ืŸ). ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืืœื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื ื•.
  • ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”: ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื›ืš ืฉืื ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืš.
  • ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื: ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืจื›ื ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” (ืœืœื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืจื›ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ). ื ื›ืกื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ื ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื” ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืงื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’. ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืงืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื ืข"ืค ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ื™ืฉืœืœื• ืžืžื ื” ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื.
  • ืชื•ืกืคืช ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื: ืกื›ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื, ื‘ืขืจืš 50% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ื–ื•, ื’ื ืื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืœ ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืคื™ื” ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘.

ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ:

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื— ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžื›ื— ื”ืกื›ื โ€“ ืืงื˜ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชืŸ. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื ืื™ื, ื‘ืขืงืจ ืชื ืื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ, (ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื) ื•ืื– ื”ื ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœื•.

ืขืฉืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ:

  1. ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” โ€“ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”
  2. ื›ืกื•ืชื” โ€“ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื
  3. ืขื•ื ืชื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช รŸ ื–ื”ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช (ืื ื”ืชื ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืžื”ืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช) ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื•.
  4. ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื” รŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืขื“ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืงืฉืจ ื–ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืงืฉืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืชื ืื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ื ื™ ืืœื ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• (ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ).
  5. ืจืคื•ืืชื”
  6. ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ ืื ื ืฉื‘ื™ืช
  7. ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื”
  8. ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืืœืžื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœื” (ื—ืœืง ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื”)
  9. ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ืื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช / ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ (ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื)
  10. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ โ€“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ืžื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื”.

ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ:

  1. ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” โ€“ ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœ
  2. ืžืฆื™ืืชื” โ€“ ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื‘ืขืœ
  3. ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” โ€“ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื”
  4. ื™ืจื•ืฉืชื” โ€“ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ืื™ืฉืชื• (ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื’ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื) รŸ ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ. ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื ืชื™ื ืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช) ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ).

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกืชืœืง ืžื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืจื›ืฉ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ืจืง ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ.

ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ืขืœื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื

1. ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื”:

ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ โ€“ ืžื›ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 2(ื) ืœื—ื•ืง ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” (ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช) ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืœื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื–ืจื—ื•ืชื• ืื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข. ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™ ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืจืง ืžืชื™ ืงืžื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื ื’ื ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื” ื”ื™ืงืคื” ื•ื›ื•'. ืก' 2(ื) ื’ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืื—ื“, ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.

ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ืงืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื›ืœื›ืœืชื” (ืžื“ื•ืจ, ื›ืกื•ืช, ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื›ื•'), ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช.

ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช: ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชืช ืœืื™ืฉืชื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.

ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื โ€“ "ืขื•ืœื” ืขืžื• ื•ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืขืžื•":

  1. ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืื•ืชื” ืจืžืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื• รŸ ืœืคื™ ืขื•ืฉืจื• ืื• ืœืคื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•.
  2. ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืื•ืชื” ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ (ืื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ืœื ื—ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืชืช ืœื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื”).

ื›ืœืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื:

  • ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ "ืœืคื™ ืขื•ืฉืจื•", ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ("ืžืขื” ื›ืกืฃ"), ืœืคื™ ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืชื (ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื” ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืช). ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžืขื” ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœ"ืžื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื”", ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
  • ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœ: ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื‘ืขืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืื ืฆืžืฆืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”: ืื ื—ืกื›ื” ืžืขืฆืžื” ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืื–ื™ ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”.
  • ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื ืœื” ืื•ืชืŸ. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืœื (ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ) ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• (ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืกืจื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื”). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืกืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืœืคืจื ืกืช ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ืืš ืื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืจื ืก ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื• (ื—ื•ืœื”, ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ) ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื ื•ืก ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•.
  • ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืคืกืงื• ืœื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ.
  • ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœืื™ืฉื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื˜ (ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื).
  • ยทย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžืจื›ื•ืฉื”: ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™. ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืชื.ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช.

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืจืŸ ืจื›ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื“ืงื”, ื‘ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื.

  • ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ รŸย  ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื™ ืฉืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
  • ืคืงื™ืขืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช: ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืคื™ื โ€“ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื›ืžื•ืจื“ืช, ืื• ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืงืขืช.

ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืขื™ืžื•:

ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช:

  • "ื—ื–ืงื” ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžื ื™ื— ื‘ื™ืชื• ืจื™ืงืŸ" รŸ ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืคืกืงื• ืœืื™ืฉื” ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื” ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•. ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื” ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืœื ืคื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืคืกืงื• ืœื” ืจืง ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืกืชื™ืจื” ืข"ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงื˜ื˜ื”). ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื™ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื”ืื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื” ื“ื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ื.
  • "ืฆืื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ืš ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ืš" รŸ ืื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืชืคืจื ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ืื ืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš.
  • ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•: ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื โ€“ ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ืขืœื”, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ื›ื”"ื  ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื’ื‘ืชื” ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ืขื“ืจ ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ื•ืœื ืžืกืจื” ืœื• ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื”, ืืœื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ื™ื“ื™ื”.

ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืืช ื”ืขื“ืจื• ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืฆืœื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื”. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืืช ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืชืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื” (ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืขื“ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ).

  • ืžื›ืจื” ืžืจื›ื•ืฉื” ืื• ืžืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืข ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื•: ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื” ืื• ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”. ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืžืคื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื” (ืข"ื™ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืชื”). ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื“"ื› ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื ืขื“ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืžืžืœืืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ("ืืฉื” ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช"). ืื ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืชืžืœื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžื›ืกืคื™ื”, ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™.
  • ยทย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  "ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื•ืื›ืœื”": ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื•ื•ืชื” ืžืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืคืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื•ื•ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•. ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืชืคืจื ืกื” ืžืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืฆื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชืขืฉื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืื ืœื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืฉืชื™ืงืชื” ืžืชืคืจืฉืช ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื”.

ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ื•ืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืคืจืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืื™ืฉื” (ื”ื™ื ืžืชื”, ื ืขืœืžื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื”) ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ (ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื).

ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื›ืจื” ืžืจื›ื•ืฉื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” (ืื• ืกื™ืœืงื” ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื”) ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžืจื›ื•ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื–ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ("ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืขืŸ"). ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืกืชื™ืจื”, ื•ืื ื ืกืชืจื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœืขืฆืžื”.

  • ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื–ื– ืžื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื‘ืขืœ โ€“ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืกืคื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
  • ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”: ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ื•ื "ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”".
  • ืื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืขื‘ืจ โ€“ ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื ืชื‘ืขื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื ืžื›ืจื” ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื• ืœื•ื•ืชื” ืืœื ืกื‘ืœื” ื•ืฆืžืฆืžื” ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืคืจืข. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
  • ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืคืจื ืก ืื•ืชื” ื”ืคืกื™ื“: ืื ืื“ื ื ื•ืกืฃ (ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื) ื“ืื’ ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื“ืขืช ืขืฆืžื• (ืงืจื™ ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื• ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”) ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ืฉื‘ื” ืื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.

ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช:

  • ืื ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžืžื ื”, ืชืคืกื™ื“ รŸ ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืœื ื˜ืขื ืžืกืคืง ืื• ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืžืชื” (ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืขื–ื‘ ื‘ืืฉืžืชื”) ื”ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืชืคืกื™ื“ ืจืง ืื ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื•ืจ ืื™ืชื” (ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ).
  • ืื ืžื—ืžืช ื˜ืขื ื”, ื–ื›ืื™ืช รŸ ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืžื—ืžืช ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื”. ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื:
  • ืงื˜ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืืฉื ื‘ื”
  • ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื’ื˜ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื• (ื•ืœื ืœืžืฉืœ ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฉืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”). ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืื™ืฉื” ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื” ืื™ืชื•.
  • ืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื” ืฆืขืจ โ€“ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื–ื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืœื” ื’ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื” ืฆืขืจ ืื• ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
  • ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ "ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื•ืื›ืœื”, ื—ื™ื™ื‘"

2. ื›ืกื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื”

  • ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื™ื ื’ื ื›ืืŸ โ€“ ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืฉื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ืช ื’ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืžื“ื•ืจ. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื” ืœืคื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื”:
  • ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืžื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”. ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” (ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืื• ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”) ื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ื•ืจ ืขื™ืžื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืžื“ื•ืจ ืชืฆืžื™ื— ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœื“ื™ืจื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
  • ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืขื™ืžื• ื•ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืขื™ืžื• (ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื)
  • ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื›ืกืฃ ืœืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉ"ืœื ืชืชื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ื•".
  • ื—ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ "ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื•ืื›ืœื”" (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”).
  • ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื•ื "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช" ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”: ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื’ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืกืคืง ืœื” ืžื“ื•ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขืœ (ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืคื ื™ืžื”). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื. ืืžื ื, ื’ื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื•, ืืš ืจืง ืื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืชืช ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื” ืฆืขืจ ืื• ืกื‘ืœ.
  • ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืจื”: ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื“ื“ื™. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืจืขื”.
  • ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืขื™ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื: ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืื™ืคื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช (ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื”) ื•ืœื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
  • ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช: ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืจืข ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื. ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื–ื™ื‘ื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ (ืืœื ืื ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฆื“ืงื”). ื‘ื”ืชืื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื“ื™ืคื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
  • ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœืœื™ื โ€“ ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื (ื‘ืœื ื˜ืขื ืžื•ืฆื“ืง) ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืจ ืขื™ืžื• ื•ื”ืžืกืจื‘ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื•ืจื“ ืื• ืžื•ืจื“ืช.
  • ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืชื™ื™ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.

3. ืจืคื•ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”

ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช:

  • ื”ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ื”ืจื•ืคื ืื• ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืชื‘ืข ืื•ืชื•? ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืจื•ืคื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช, ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช (ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื•ืื›ืœื”).
  • ืขื“ ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืœื•? ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืชืจืžื” ืœืžื—ืœืชื” ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ืฉืžืขื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.

ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ

  1. ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื”
  2. ืžืฆื™ืืชื” โ€“ ืœื ืžืจื—ื™ื‘
  3. ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื”
  4. ื™ืจื•ืฉืชื” โ€“ ืœื ืžืจื—ื™ื‘

ย 

ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’ ื•ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ:

ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืืœื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ืขืœื” (ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื).

ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ("ืคื—ืชื•, ืคื—ืชื• ืœื• โ€“ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื•, ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืœื•") โ€“ ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื–ืง ืื• ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืžืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื• ืื•ืชื. ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืขืจืš ื”ืงืจืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืื• ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ (ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื–ืง ืื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืง). ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื” ืจืง ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” (ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.

ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’ ("ืคื—ืชื•, ืคื—ืชื• ืœื” โ€“ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื•, ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืœื”") โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืœืื™ืฉื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืจืŸ (ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ (ืžื‘ืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื โ€“ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื”, ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ื›ื•'), ื‘ื“"ื› ื™ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’.

ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืื• ืžืœื•ื’ โ€“ ืืœื• ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ืงืจืŸ ื•ื’ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”: (1) ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœื‘ืขืœ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื (2) ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื ืชืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืžืชื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ (ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื).

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืœืกืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืง ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ื”ื ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ื”ื™ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช).

ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืœื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’:

  • ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืจืŸ (ืชืฉืœื•ื ืื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ื ื–ืง ื•ื›ื•').
  • ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืจืŸ (ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”)
  • ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ: ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” (ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื), ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื” (ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื”; ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก). ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”ย  ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ืืœื• ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ (ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ื) ืข"ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ื. ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื ื›ืก ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื”. ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื ื•ืื ื”ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื›ื— ืชืงื ืช ืฉื•ืง ืื• ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช.
  • ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ: ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’ โ€“ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ; ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ โ€“ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืกื•ืจ, ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืืกื•ืจ (ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช).
  • ื›ืกืคื™ื: ื ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ โ€“ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื” ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•; ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’ โ€“ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืฉืงืขื” (ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”) ืฉืชืฆืžื™ื— ืœื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช.

ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื”

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืข"ืค ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœ (ื’ื ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’).

  • ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”ืจืฉืื” ืžื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”). ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืืฃ ืจืฉืื™ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ืืœื•, ืื ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืืฉืชื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ (ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื ืคืจืข ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ืœื ืœื‘ืขืœื”).
  • ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืœืฉื ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช โ€“ ื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืขืงืœ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ. ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ (ืฉืœื ืœืจื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืช) ืื– ื’ื ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื ื›ืก ืžืœื•ื’ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ืื™ ืจืง ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
  • ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
  • ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช (ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช, ืืœื ื›ื•ื—ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ). ืžื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœ.
  • ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ืื• ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื’ืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉืชื• (ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ื) ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืงื” ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืื• ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•.
  • ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ ืืฉืชื•.

ย 

ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”

ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืชืขืฉื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช.

  • ยทย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  "ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”" โ€“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ("ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจ"). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืืฃ ืื ืคื•ืงืขืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœื”ื, ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื”. ืื ืื™ืฉื” ืžื•ื•ืชืจืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืื™ืฉื” ื–ืจื” (ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื™ื˜ื”, ื ืฉื™ืงืช ืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ื•'). ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื’ืŸ ืืช ืื™ืฉืชื• ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ืืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืจืง ืœื” ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื–ื–ื (ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 2ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื–ื– ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืžืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื–ื”).
  • ยทย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  "ืฆืื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ืš" – ย ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืืช ืžื—ื™ื™ืชื”, ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืคืจื” ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”. ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜ (ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ) ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœื.
  • ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืข"ืค ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื›ืœืœ "ืขื•ืœื” ืขื™ืžื• ื•ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช". ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืงื—ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช. ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืจื‘ืช ื•ืžืคืจื” ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื”, ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื–ื– ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืžื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
  • ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืš ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืจืง ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.

"ื”ืขื“ืคื”": ื”ืื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื•ื“ืคืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœ ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ืื• ืฉื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœื”? ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ืช "ืงื™ื ืœื™". ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ (ืœืคื™ ืงื™ื ืœื™) ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื›ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืžืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”.

ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื™ืคืกืงื• ืœืื™ืฉื” ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’. ืื ืขืงื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื–ื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื”) ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืžืฉืœ.

ย 

ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœืื™ืฉื”

ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ืฉืื• ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ (1973):

ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™, ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืงืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ืก' 2 ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” (ืงื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื ื™ืคื’ืข ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ) ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ืžื’ื“ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ (ืœืคื™ ืก' 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื). ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืก' 2 ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื” ื•ืœื ืœื‘ืขืœื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืœื›ื”. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขื•ืกืง ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื’ื ืื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ื’"ืฆ, ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืฉื•ื™, ืงืจื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ื–ืžื ื™ ืžืžื ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืงืฉืจ ืจื›ื•ืฉื™ ื ืฆื—ื™).

ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื›ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืกื›ื ื›ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืงื• ื’ื ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ื’ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืงื•ืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืื• ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ). ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื ื›ืกื™ื ืข"ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™ (ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ) ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืงืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ (ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช). ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื (ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืขืกืงื™ื™ื, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช).

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืžื, ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื ื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืžืืžืฅ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืชื (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’) โ€“ ืืœื ืื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืกื›ื ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ.

ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื—ื–ืงืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื›ืก ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ืฉืจื™ืฉื•ืžื• ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• รŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืื ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื (ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ืœืžืฉืœ) ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.

ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื’ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืชืงืฃ ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื• ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ (1970) ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข (ืก' 161) ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืจืง ืžื›ื— ื—ื•ืง ื–ื”, ืงืจื™ ืข"ื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ (ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ืœื™ื’ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช). ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™ ืืฃ ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืžื›ื— ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.

ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ:

ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื•ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืฉืื• ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื•ืงืฃ.

ื”ืกื“ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื: (1) ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื—ืคืฆื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ (2)ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ืœื™ื’ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืขื ืคืงื™ืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ รŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืคืงื™ืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.

ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ืจื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ (ืก' 5ื): (1) ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื• ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืื• ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ (2) ื’ืžืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืžืช ืœืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ (3) ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ (ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ื›ื–ื” ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื‘ืจื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ).

ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜: ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืงื™ืขืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ืžืขืฆื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ืื ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœื ืคืกืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืื– ื•ืจืง ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืื• ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 8 ืœื—ื•ืง (ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื’ื“ืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฆืžืฆืžื”).

ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ืืœื ืื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™).

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ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืจื“ ื•ืžื•ืจื“ืช

ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืจื“:

ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื•. ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืžื ืข ืžื›ืš, ืœืื™ืฉื” ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืขื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื’ื ืื ื”ื”ืžื ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืœื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืจื“. ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ (ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื’ื˜ ื•ื›ื•') ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืจื“ (ืืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ืฉื”).

ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ โ€“ (1) ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•) (2) ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช (3) ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื“ ื•ืขื“ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื’ื˜.

ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื”ืžืจื“ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื“ (ืžื—ื“, ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื• ื›ื‘ืขืœ; ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื’ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•) รŸ ืื ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ ืขื ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืจืง ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืื ืœื ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœืคื™ื• "ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง" โ€“ ืื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืฉืœื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื, ืื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืžืžื ื” ืืœื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง.

ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืจื“ืช:

ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกืจื‘ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”. ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื“ืช:

  1. ืžื•ืจื“ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืช "ื‘ืขื™ื ื ืœื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืขืจื ื” ืœื™ื”" รŸ ืžืกืจื‘ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื”. ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืžืขืจืขืจ ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ. ื˜ืขื ืช "ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™" ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื” ื•ืœื ืจืง ื’ื˜ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช. ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื“"ื› ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืจืข ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื• ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ืชื ื” ืขื™ื ื” ื‘ืื—ืจ.
  2. ืžืชื•ืš ื˜ืขื ืช "ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™" รŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ืขืœ ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื”, ื•ืœื ืžื˜ืขื ื” ืกืชืžื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™", ื•ืœืคื™ ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื”. ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื˜ ืœืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™ ื›ื ื” ื•ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช. ื˜ืขื ืช ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช ื‘ื“"ื› ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ื›ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื” ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืžื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื“ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ืžืช ื˜ืขื ื”: ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ืžืช ืงื˜ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ืืฉื ื‘ื” ื•ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืื™ืฉื”, ืื ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช: (1) ืื™ืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื’ื˜ (2) ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืคืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืื• ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.

ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช:

  • ื’ื˜ ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”: ืžืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืื™ื ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื™ืœื” ืœื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื’ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ (ืืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™ ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคื’ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื ื”) ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”. ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ื ืกื• ืœืฉื›ื ืขื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ืื™ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื™ื™ืชื ื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”. ืื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืžืจื“ ืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื” ื’ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”. ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืคืก ื’ื ืœื˜ืขื ืช "ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™" ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช, ืืœื ืฉืื– ืœื ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขืœ. ืœืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื“ืช ืืœื ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืชื•ืš ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.
  • ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืจื“ืช (ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื) ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื˜ืขื ืžื•ืฆื“ืง) ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ืžื•ืจื“ืช ืžื˜ืขื "ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™" ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื˜ืขื ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ืœืกื™ืจื•ื‘, ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชื™ืฉืœืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช.
  • ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ: ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.
  • ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื”: (1) ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ืช "ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™" ืžื‘ื•ืจืจืช รŸ ื–ื›ืื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื” (ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’ ื›ืื—ื“) ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ. (2) ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ืช ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™ ืฉืงืจื™ืช รŸ ืžืคืกื™ื“ื” ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’. (3) ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ืช ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืจืจืช รŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉืง"ื“ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื” (4) ืžื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื ืœื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืขืจื ื” ืœื™ื” รŸ ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื–ืงืชื” (ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื) ื•ืœื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื’.
  • ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ื›ืก ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืžื ื• (ื’ื ืื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ื›ืกื™ ืžืœื•ื’ ืื• ื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืชื ื”)

ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ:

  • ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ "ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”", ืงืจื™ ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ รŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืืš ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืก ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืข"ืค ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”, ืืš ืœื ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช (ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืขืžื•). ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื•.
  • ืื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื” รŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ (ืžืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™)

232-351

ื”ืคืงืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ

ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ.

ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”:

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืคืจื˜ ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืืกื•ืจื•ืช ืœื• ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื”.

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืื™ืฉืชื• (ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื ืขืกื•ืง).

ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ:

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืฆื” ื—ืœื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืช ืœืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆืืฆืื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื— ืื• ืื—ื™ื. ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื โ€“ ื”ืื— ื”ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืืฉืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืžืช; ื—ืœื™ืฆื” โ€“ ืื— ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ื˜ืงืก ื—ืœื™ืฆื” (ืจืง 90 ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ), ืฉืขื“ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืฆื” ื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืœื•ืฅ. ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืฆื” ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ื“ืชื™.

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ื™ื•ืชย  (ืข"ืค ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืข"ืค ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื”)-

  • ืœืื™ืฉื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื ื›ืกื™ื” ื—ื–ืจื” (ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ โ€“ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ)
  • ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื” ื•ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช รŸ ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ (ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ื™ืช "ืฉื•ืชืงืช", ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืชื•. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ (ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืžืจืฉื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืงื•ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืื• ืงื•ื ื” ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื™ื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื”).
  • ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืจืฉืช ืืช ื‘ืขืœื” ืืœื ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ืืœืžื ื•ืชื”
  • ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืžื“ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื’ืจื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืขืœ (ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื™ืจื”). ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื” ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืฉื.
  • ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื”.

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื ื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืงืขืช ื›ืืฉืจ: (1) ื ื™ืฉืืช ืœืื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ (2) ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื” โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช. ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื’ื ืฉืื ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื›ื— ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”.

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ

ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื:

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ รŸ ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืงืฅ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื, ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืง.

ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื รŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื•ืื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื (ื›ื–ื•ื’ ื ืฉื•ื™) ืื™ื ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช. ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื (ืก' 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื).

ื”ืคืงืขืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ รŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื ืขืจื›ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืชืคืกื•, ื”ื•ืคืงืขื• ืœืžืคืจืข ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ื”"ื“. ืืœื• ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืชื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืืš ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื™ ืื• ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ืื ื”ืžืงืจื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืœื’ื“ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืจืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ (ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื) ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ:

ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืข"ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื’ื˜ ืžืจืฆื•ื ื•. ืžืื– ื—ืจื ื“ืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื˜ ืžืจืฆื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื“ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.

ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืข"ืค ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ:

  • ยทย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ืจืง (ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื) ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืชืช / ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ื˜. ืืžื ื, ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ืืช ื˜ืงืก ื”ื’ื˜.
  • ยทย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืืฉื ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ืชืŸ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืข"ืค ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ.

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืข"ืค ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื:

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืข"ืค ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื•ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืงืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื’ื˜ ืœืื™ืฉื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื˜ ืขืฆืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ื”ืกื›ื ื›ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืชื ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื˜ ืžืขื•ืฉื”. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืื™ื ื• ืชืงืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืื—ืจืช (ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืœ).

ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื›ืš ืฉืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื”ืื ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืื‘). ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืข"ื™ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืœื“, ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ืข"ื™ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก, ืœื”ืกื›ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื›ื–ื” ืื ื™ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื–ืืช. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ืืš ืื ืžื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ืื’ื• ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื” ื–ื• ืชื™ืกืชืจ.

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืข"ืค ื”ืกื›ื:

ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืชืช/ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื˜. ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื’ื˜, ืœืคื™ ืก' 6 ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื ("ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืื ื™"). ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืงืจื™ ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ื’ื˜, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื’ื ืข"ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—.

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ:

1. ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื:

  • ืžื•ืžื™ื: ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœ, ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช (ืžื—ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืงืช, ืžื•ื, ืจื™ื— ืจืข ืžื”ืคื”). ืื ืžื•ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืืš ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ (ืืš ื’ื ืื ื™ื“ืขื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืจื‘ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื•ืจื“ืช). ืขื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขื™ืœื” ืœื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื’ื˜.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื’ื˜, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื ื™ื“ืขื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืขื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ืžืงื— ื˜ืขื•ืช).

  • ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“: ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื (ืื™ื ื• "ื™ื•ืจื” ื›ื—ืฅ") ืœืื™ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื• ื•ืจื‘ื•. ืื•ืœื, ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื—ืคืฆื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื’ื˜ (ืืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ). ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื–ื• ืชืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื ื” ื•ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ (ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ื“"ื› ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื–ื• ืจืง ืื ืขื‘ืจื• 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืืœื ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืขืงืจ). ืื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื›ืคื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืช ื’ื˜.
  • ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ื ื”: ืื ืœื‘ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื’ื‘ืจื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืขื™ืœื” ืœื’ื˜ (ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื). ืื ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืชืช ื’ื˜, ืืš ืื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื” ืžื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื™ืฉื”). ื‘ื“"ื› ื™ืžืชื™ื ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื–ื•.

2. ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ:

  • ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ื ื”: ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื“ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื’ื˜ ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.
  • ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืชืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช: ืื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชื›ื ืข ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืชืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื’ื˜ (ืื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช). ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœื ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื˜ ืืœื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช. ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืชืช ืœื” ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื•ืจื“ืช. ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืื– ืœื ื™ื›ืคื•.
  • ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ืขื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ: ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ืขื™ืžื” ื›ืคื•ืฉืข ย โ€“ ืžื›ื”, ืžืขืœื™ื‘, ืžืงืœืœ, ืžืงื ื™ื˜, ืžื›ืฉื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื›ื•' โ€“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื’ื˜. ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœ ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืข"ื™ ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื”ื’ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’.

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ:

1. ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื:

  • ืžื•ืžื™ื: ืื ืžื—ืžืช ืžื•ืžื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ืื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืขืœ, ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืจืง ืื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื•ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.
  • ืฉื”ื” ืขื™ืžื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืœื“ื”: ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื’ื˜ (ืื ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขื• ืฉืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื›ื ื”) ื•ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืกืจื‘ืช ืจืฉืื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ 100 ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.

2. ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื”:

  • ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”: ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืœื” ืืช ื‘ืขืœื” ืข"ื™ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ืช. ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื” / ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจย  ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืชืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”. ืื ืœื ื”ืชืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื ืขื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.
  • ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื›ืœ ื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช: ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจืขื”) ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขืœื‘ื” ืื• ืงืœืœื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™). ืื ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืชืจืฉื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื›ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืช, ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืจืื”).
  • ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื "ืœ, ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืกืœื— ืœืื™ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ.
  • ืžืขืฉื™ ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ: ืžืขืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื“ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื™ื ื•ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉ. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ืขื ื’ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ, ืืœื ืื ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื–ืืช. ืื ืžืขืฉื™ ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื“) ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืš. ืื ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื’ืจืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื’ื˜, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” (ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืชืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื” ื’ื ืœืœื ื”ืชืจืื”). ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืืกื•ืจื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื“ ื›ื‘ื•ืขืœื”.
  • ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื–ื ืชื”: ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืœืกืœื•ื— ืœืื™ืฉื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ืคื™ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื’ื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื”. ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉืืช ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืืฃ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื’ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” (ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืชื” โ€“ ืื ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”). ย ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ื“ืชื” ื‘ื–ื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ (ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื) ืืš ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื™ืืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขืœ. ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื–ื ืชื” ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื” ืืš ืœื ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ (ืžืœื•ื’ ื•ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ).

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื™ื:

ืื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืœื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื• ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืงื™ืฆื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื˜ (ืื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ื’ื˜ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกืจื‘ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืกื•ืง ืœืื™ืฉื” ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืชืžืจื™ืฅ).

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื:

ื’ื˜ ืฉืœื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœ:

  • ยทย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื’ื˜ ืžืขื•ืฉื”: ื’ื˜ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื• ื’ื˜ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื’ื˜. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจ ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ื”ื’ื˜ ื”ืžืขื•ืฉื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืจ.
  • oย ย ย ย ย ย  ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”: ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืคืกื•ืœื” ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืคืกื•ืœ ื’ื˜ ื›ืžืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื–ื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืคื• ืื• ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ืื™ื ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”).ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื’ื˜ ืžืขื•ืฉื”.
  • ยทย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื’ื˜ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืข"ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืคื•ื™: ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื“ื ืฉืคื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ื’ื˜.

ื’ื˜ ืฉืœื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื”:

  • ื—ืจื ื“ืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืื•ืกืจ ื‘ื“"ื› ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื”, ืืš ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื˜ ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ืคื™ื” ื ื’ื“ื” (ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื”). ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืฉืืช ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื˜ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฉืชื• ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
  • ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื”: ย ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื˜ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื’ื•ืจืฉืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœืื—ืจ.
  • ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจืฉ ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื ืฉืชื˜ืชื”? ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืคื•ื™ื” (ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ืœืžืขื˜ ืขื•ื ื”, ื›ืœืคื™ื”), ืืš ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืื” ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื™ืžื•ื ื” ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš.

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™: ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™, ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืชืกื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื˜ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ืœื™ืฆื” ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ.

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ:

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช:ย  ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื›ืžื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื:

  • ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืจืฉื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื ืชื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื•ืขืœ ื•ืœื‘ืขืœ.
  • ื›ื”ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืฉื”
  • ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš 90 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื”.
  • ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืขืจื•ื•ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื” ืชืงืฃ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” (ื’ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ) ื—ื™ื”.

ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช โ€“

  • ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” โ€“ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช (ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ืช ืžืื™ืก ืขืœื™) ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื’ื ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื” ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืชืช.
  • ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ืฉื”
  • ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื™ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื˜ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ืœื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื˜.
  • ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” โ€“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ื™ืจื”. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื”, ื•ืื ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื ืฉืืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฉืืจ. ย ืื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื˜ ืฉื ื™ (ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืื”).

quot;ืฉ๏ฟฝN"๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ  ๏ฟฝ ืืœืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื• ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืจืขืชื” ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืž"ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืื’ื‘ื™ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื•, ืจืง ืžื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”"ื“. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืž"ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™"ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ื ืฉืœืœืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”.

! ืข"ื 803/93 ื›ืœื™ืคื ื ' ื›ืœื™ืคื

ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื•ืœื”ื 3 ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ืจื›ืฉื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืจื•ื‘ืฆืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชื. ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœื›ืš ืืš ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืคืกืง ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืžื“ื•ืจ ืจืื•ื™ ื™ืชื‘ืจืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืืžื ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืืš ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืฆื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœื ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืžื“ื•ืจ ืืฉืชื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ "ืขื•ืœื” ืขื™ืžื• ื•ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืขื™ืžื• ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ืขื•ืฉืจื•". ื‘ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื–ื•, ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืงืžื ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ืขื•ื›ื‘ ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืฆื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื“ื™ืจื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื›ืก, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.

ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื• ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคืจืง ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ืœืคื™ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื•ืžืงืจื”.

ื‘ื’"ืฆ 5969/94 ืืงื ื™ืŸ ื ' ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™

ื’ื‘' ืืงื ื™ืŸ, ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื•ื” ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœืกืคืง ืœืืฉืชื• ืžื“ื•ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ. ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืจื•ืฆื” ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืคืกื•ืง ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื›ืœื™ืคื. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฆ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื›ืœื™ืคื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื“"ืจ ื—ืจื’ ืžืกืžื›ื•ืชื•. ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื ืœื‘ื“"ืจ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžืกืžื›ื•ืช

62ื’. ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื

ย 

! ืข"ื 53/80 ืฉื—ืจ ื ' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ

ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื—ื™ื” ืขื ื’ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›- 40 ืฉื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื” ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื”.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื ืžืฉืชืžืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืืงื˜ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืขืค"ื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืžื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื”"ื– ืœืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ.

ื“"ื  1558/94 ื ืคื™ืกื™ ื ' ื ืคื™ืกื™

ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 15 ืœื—ื•ืง. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืคื ืฉืœ ืก' 15 ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื.

ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’: ย ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ืฉืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืช 74' ืื™ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“, ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืช 74', ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืคืจืง ื'. ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืช 74', ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืคืจืง ื' ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ื™ืฉืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืช 74'. ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืคืจืง ื' ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”. ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืก' 1 ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืข"ืค ืกืขื™ืฃ 15. ืœื ื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืžืœื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ย  ื”ื–ื•ื’. ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘: ืžืงื•ื, ืืฉืจ ืืœื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื“ืย  ืžืŸย  ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”ย  ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช-ืžืขืฉื™ืช,ย  ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืจื›ื•ืชย  ืื•ืชื•ย  ืขืžื•. ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืฆื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ย  ืœื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ, ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืืžืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช "ืžืงื•ืย  ืžื•ืฉื‘ื" ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’. ืžืฉืงื‘ืขื ื•, ืขืœย  ื™ืกื•ื“ย  ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืจืฆื”, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืชื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ื›ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื’ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ื™ ืžืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื• ืžืื– ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืืžืฅ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืืœื” ืฉ"ื”ืขืœื•" ืืชื ืืจืฆื”, ื•ืืœื” ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืงืจืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื.

ื‘ืจืง: ื™ื”ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸย  ื‘ืืฉืจย  ืœื™ื—ืกื™ย  ื”ืžืžื•ืŸย  ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ืฉืื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื, ื–ื”ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื›ืœืœื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืฉืชืžืขืช ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฃ ื—ื–ืงืช "ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื", ื”ื’ื•ืจืกืช ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื. ืขืย  ื‘ื•ืืย  ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ – ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืฉืื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ย  ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ – ื•ืžืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃย  ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ื›ืกื™ื. ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื–ื• ื“ื•ื—ื” ืชื—ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจย  ืœื—ืœื•ืงืชย  ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉย  ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืžืฉื˜ืจย  ื–ื” ื—ืœ ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื ืจื›ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ืืš ืœืคื ื™ย  ื‘ื•ืืย  ืœื™ืฉืจืืœย  ื•ื”ืŸย  ืขืœย  ืจื›ื•ืฉย  ืฉื ืจื›ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

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! ื‘ื’"ืฆ 1000/92 ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื ' ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื—ื–ืงืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื›ื”ืกื“ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™)

ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืงืจืช ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื‘ื” ื›ืจืš ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื“ื—ืช ืืช ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื ื›ืกื™ื (ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช). ื”ืฉืืœื”: ื”ืื ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื—ืœื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื?, ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื ืคืกืงืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื”"ื– ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื.ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืคืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืงื” ื–ื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื ืฉืจื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื”ื. ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ืจืš ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืคืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”. ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืœื•ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืกืžื›ื•ืชื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืฉ ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.

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! ืคืก"ื“ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืงื ื•ื‘ืœืจ (ืชืžืฆื™ืช)

ื”ืฉ' ืฉืžื’ืจ ื•ื”ืฉ' ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ืžื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ื˜ืชื ืคื•ืชืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืืš ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืจื•ืงื ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ. ื”ืฉ' ื˜ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืŸ ืคืก"ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื”"ื– ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ. ื”ืฉ' ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ืจื’ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ื”ื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืชืขืจืขืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืœื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื—ื–ืจื”, ื–ื” ืืžื ื ืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข, ืืš ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื™ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ื–ื” ืคื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื”ืฉ' ืžืฆื ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื•ืช ืืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื—ื•ืงืง, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชืฉืืจื ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื™ืชืงืŸ.

ย 

ืข"ื 7142/97 ืขืžื™ืช ื ' ืขืžื™ืช

ื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื› ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืชืงื™ื ื™ื, ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื•ืืฉืจ ืžืขืฆื ื˜ื™ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ืข.ื. 4181/99- ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืจื™ืœ ื•ืื—' ื ื’ื“ ื“ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืœ

ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ื›ืจืขืชื•, ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื’ื“ืจ ืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืื• ื ืคืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื”. ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ื ื›ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืชื—ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืขืœ "ื ื›ืกื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื" – ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื’ื™ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื – ื”ื•ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื”, ืืœื ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื”. ื‘ืคืจืฉืชื ื• ื”ืขืœื• ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื ืžื ืขื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื”ื. ืืฃ ืฉืขื“ ืœืคื™ืจื•ื“ื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”, ืืœื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™. ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ, ืืžื ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื’ื ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœืคื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื, ืื• ื ืคืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื”. ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื – ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื›ืจืขืชื•.

ืข.ื. 6557/95 – ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื ืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ืชืžืจ ืื‘ื ืจื™

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืง ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ืฉื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœ 5 ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืฉื. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืขื–ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 88. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 88. ืื•ืœื ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 95 ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื”, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ.

ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ ืฉืœ 200,000 ืฉ"ื— ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื•ืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื• ืžืื•ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” 4 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื. ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจ ืฉื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื.

ืจืข"ื 8672/00 – ืฉื”ืœื” ืื‘ื• ืจื•ืžื™ ื ื’ื“ ื—'ืืœื“ ืื‘ื• ืจื•ืžื™ ื•ืื—'

ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืขื ืคืงื™ืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’, ื›ืืฉืจ "ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืขืจื‘ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ" ืื™ื ื ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’. ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ืฉืื• ืœืื—ืจ 1.1.74, ืขืช ื ื—ืงืง ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืง. ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื–ื• ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ ืงื ื•ื‘ืœืจ, (ืข.ื. 1915/91 – ืคื“"ื™ ืž"ื˜(3) 529). ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ื–ื” ืงื‘ืขื” ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจ, ื–ื• ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”, ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื” ืื—ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ, ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ืœืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืืช ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ.

ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืืฉื” ื›ื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 4 ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื ืข ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืžื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ื•ืงื ืชื” ืœื”, ืœื˜ืขื ืชื”, ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื‘ืขืœ – ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ื›ืก ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื• ืจืฉื•ืžื” ืจืง ืขืœ ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืžื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง – ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ – ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื”.

ย 

62ื“. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’

! ื‘ื’"ืฆ 185/72 ืœื™ืกื” ื’ื•ืจ ื ' ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™

ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืืฉืชื•,ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืก' ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฆื• ืœืขื™ืงื•ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื›ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื "ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ".

ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื” (ื”ืฆื• ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื™ืงื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืชืงืฃ).

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” (ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื ื” – ื”ืœื›ืช ืกื™ื“ื™ืก), ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืžืจืฆื•ื ื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืื›ื™ืคื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืจื ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ "ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ" ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื• ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื ืกืžื›ื•ืช.

! ื“"ื  4/82 ืงื•ื˜ ื ' ืงื•ื˜ – ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืื™ื ื "ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ"

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืจืขืš ื”ืกื›ื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื• ืคืจื˜ ืœืกื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ 50 ืœ"ื™ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ (ืœื ืฆืžื•ื“), ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ืœืคื™ื• ืื ื™ืชื‘ืข ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืœ 50 ืœ"ื™, ืชื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื‘ืข , ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื‘' ืฉื•ืฉื ื” (ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” 2) ืชืฉืžืฉ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืจื‘ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื‘ืขื” ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ืžืžืช, ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืื– ืขื“ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• "ืชืขืฉื™ืจ" ื”ืื. ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” – ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ืœืื‘ ื•ื”ืื ื ืฉืืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืขืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉืชืขืฉื™ืจ.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืกื“ื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื”"ื– ืืš ืœื ย ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ืกื›ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืž"ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžืœื ืืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช. ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช , ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœื ื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชย  ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื (ืœื ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ื’ื•ืœื“) ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขื“ "ืฉืชืขืฉื™ืจ" ื”ืื. ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ (ื”ืื) ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืš ื”ืขืจื‘ ืœื.

! ื‘ื’"ืฆ 6103/93 ืœื•ื™ ื ' ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™

ื”ืขื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืžืฉื™ื‘, ื”ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœืืฉืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืจืชื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœ ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื™, ื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื ืชื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื ืขืชืจ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืชื, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืก' ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืคื ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืขืชื™ืจืชื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืก' ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ื”ืืฉื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื ืขืชืจ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื“ื—ื” ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืจื”.

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช: ืžื”ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื“"ืจ ื•ืžืชื™ ื—ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช? ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื”.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ:ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”โ€ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™, ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื–ืืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื? ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืชื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” (ืคืกโ€ื“ ืงื•ื˜), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื”ย  ืœืื›ื™ืคืช ืชื ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœ"ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ", ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืชืžื• ื•ื ืฉืœืžื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ืœืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคืก"ื“ ื”ื™ื ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืจืง ย ืื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืœื ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”.

4. ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ – "ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ" ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืคืกื”"ื“ – ื”ืื ืงื ื” ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืกืง ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื?, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™.

! ื“"ื  5587/93 ื ื—ืžื ื™ ื ' ื ื—ืžื ื™

ืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช ื ื—ืžื ื™.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ:ื‘ื‘ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื”"ื– ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื™ื’ืช ืจืง ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื” ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™, ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ืืš ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ื ื”"ื– ื”ื‘ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™, ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืืœื ื”ืกื›ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืœื’ื“ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื "ื”ืจื•ืคืคื™ื" ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื.

ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื ื”"ื– ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื”"ื– ื›ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืžืฉืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ื–ื•?

ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืืฉืจ ืžืงื ื” ืœืžืคืจ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื• ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืžื”ืžื•ืกื›ื. ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืกื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ืฉื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืกื›ืœ.

ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข – ืžืฉื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืื›ื™ืคื”.

ื”ืฉืœืžืช "ื”ื—ืกืจ" ื‘ื”ืกื›ื- ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉืชื™ืงืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ืื™ื ื” ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืžื“ ื“ืขืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.

ืื›ื™ืคื” – ื’ื ืื™ืœื• ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื”"ื– ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ื“, ืงื ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื”, ืื›ื™ืคื” ื›ื–ื• ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืก' 3 (2) ื•-(4) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.

ื”ืฉืชืง – ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฆื’ ืื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืžืฉืš ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื›ืœืœื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื“. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื–ืงืง ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืง.

ื”ืฉ' ื˜ืœ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืจื•ืคืฃ ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืกืขื“ ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืง ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืง ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืšย  ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื•.

62ื”. ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ

! ืข"ื 169/83 ืฉื™ ื ' ืฉื™

ื‘ื ื”"ื– ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื‘ื• ืชื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื›ื•ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ. ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืฉืจ ืขืค"ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื ืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื ื“ื—ื”.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืื• ื”ืขื ืงืช ืžืชื ื” ืื• ืขื™ืกืงื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื "ื– ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™. "ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ" ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืชื ืื™ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ. ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื "ื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืจืชื•, ื”ืื ื–ื• ืฆื•ืคื” ืคื ื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœืขืช ืžื•ื•ืช ืื• ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืื ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืื• ืœืขืกืงื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ.

ืข"ื 5490/92 ืคื’ืก ื ' ืคื’ืก

ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉืง, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ืฉื•ืจ. ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื”ืกื›ื, ื”ื™ื ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉืง. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ืย  ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ืœืื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ ืขื•ืฉืง, ื›ืคื™ื” ื•ืื™ ืฆื“ืง.

ืคืจืง ืฉืžื™ื ื™: ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื

ย 

63ื. ื”ื•ืจื•ืช: ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื”

ย 

ืข.ื. 413/80 – ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคืœื•ื ื™ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืžื’ืจ:

ื. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื ืชืŸ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื” ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื ืชืกืจื‘ ืœืชืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืืœื ืื ื ืชื ื” ืœืืฉื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘, ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืื• ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื“ืขืชื•. ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื, ืžืฉืชืžืข ื”ืœืื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ืื ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืื‘ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืชื ืื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.

ื‘. ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ื ืชืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืขืžื“ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื” ื›ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืื™ ืœื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื ื”ืœื” ืคื•ื ื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื–ืืช. ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื” ืขืค"ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื ืžืกืจ ืœืกืžื›ื•ืชื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื”. ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืกื“ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ืชืขื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื›ืœ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืืฉื” ืื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืชืืžืฅ ืœืขืฆืžื” ื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื”, ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืืฉื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื•.

ื’. ืืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื” – ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืฉื ืชืžื ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืžื›ืœืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ื•ืฉื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ื’ืžืจ ืœื™ื“ืชืŸ, ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื• ืืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ืžืจ ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืœื™ื“ืชื•.

ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขืชื•:

ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืคืืช ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ื•. ืžืฉื“ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืœื” ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ื”ืืฉื” ืฉืชื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืคืœื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืงืฉืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื–ืงืง ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™. ื‘ืจื, ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืœื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.

ื‘. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืกื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœืชืช ืœื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืง. ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืื‘ ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื›ืŸ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืื• ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืœืคืจืฉ ื—ื•ืง, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืค"ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงืคื—, ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืœืคืœื•ื ื™ ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื’ื ื‘ืœื ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ื›ื™ ืื– ื™ืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘. ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืœืื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ืื™ืฉ ื–ื•ืœืช ื”ืืฉื” ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืœื” ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืื ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืœื” ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ืชื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืœืขื›ื‘ื•. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขืชื• ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื–ื”ืจืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉืชื™ื ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืžื’ืจ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืคืชื— ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืœื•ืŸ (ื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜):

ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉืืœื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื•ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ื”. ื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ื’ื•ืฃ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื–ืจื— ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื ืคื’ืข ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ืœื”ืฉืžืขืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืจืข ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื ืœืœื ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง. ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืฉื™ื“ืข ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืžื™ืš ืžืืŸ ื“ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื™ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืืœื ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืฉื•ืœืœ, ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื›ื–ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืืฉื” ื•ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืื• ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืŸ. ืžื›ืืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื—ืœืฆื™ื•, ืื ื›ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืœืœื ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคื’ืขื” ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉืžืข ื”ื‘ืขืœ.

ย 

! ืข"ื 1354/92 ื”ื™"ืž ื ' ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช (ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื• ืžื ื™ืขืชื” , ืื™ืžืชื™?)

ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™"ืž ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืœืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื”. ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™. ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื”. ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื” ื›ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื›ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืืžืช ืขืค"ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคื•ื— ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ื“ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืกื•ืœื• – ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืžืžื–ืจื•ืช ื™ื˜ืžืข. ืืžื ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื•ื“ืื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื˜ืœืช ืคื’ื ืžืžื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืชืฉืชื ื” ื•ืื– ื™ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื’ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ืš ืฉืœ ืžืžื–ืจื•ืช. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื’ื™ืข ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืœื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.

! 2266/93 ืคืœื•ื ื™ื ื ' ืืœืžื•ื ื™ (ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“)

ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฉืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืช "ืขื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื”" ื•ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืื‘ ื“ืจืฉ ืœื—ื ื›ื ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืกื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืขืค"ื™ ืืžื•ื ืชื. ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืื ื ื“ื—ื”.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ืื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื•ืจื” ืžื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื•ืžื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื“ืชื•, ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื›ื”ื•ืจื”, ืขื ื–ืืช ืžืชืขืœืžืช ื”ืื ืžื›ืš ืฉื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื ืชื•ืŸ ืจืง ืœื”, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ืŸ ืจืง ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”, ืืœื ืืฃ ืžืกื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื ืกืžืจืช ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื ื•ืกื—ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœื” ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื“ืช ืื—ืช ืขืœ ืจืขื•ืชื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื›ืจืกื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ืœื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ืช, ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืฉื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืžืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืคืกื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“. ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช, ืก' 13 ื' ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจืช ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“, ื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื’ื™ืœ 10 ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืจืช ื”ื“ืช ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื•ื—ื ื›ื• ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื”ืชื—ื ืš ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ื ืกื•ื’ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.

ื”ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.

ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” "ืชืงื ื”" โ€“ ืกืขื™ืฃ 23(ื)(2) ืœื ืžื•ื ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงืชื• ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื.

  • ื—ื™ืงื•ืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ื™ืงื•ืง ืฉื ื—ืงืง ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืื• ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืžืฉื ื”
  • ืชื ืื™ ื”ื ื•ืคืœ ืชื—ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืกืขื™ืฃ 4ย  ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืง ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชย  ืชื ืื™ ืžืงืคื—.
  • ื™ืฉ ืชื ืื™ื ืžืงืคื—ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 4, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื•- ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—.
  • ืขืค"ื™ ื‘ืจืง โ€“ ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉื ื ' ืงืกื˜ื ื‘ืื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœืชื ืื™ ืžืงืคื— ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื- ื”ืื ื”ืชื ืื™ ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืง ืื•ย  ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™.
  • ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื- ืื ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœย  ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืง ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื ื–ืงืง ืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ื“ืขย  ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคืง ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—.

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื– ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ืชื ืื™ ืžืงืคื—.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืœย  ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืชื ืื™ ืžืงืคื— ืœื ืชืงืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื” ื”ืžื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืจืง ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ื•ืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ.

–ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืชื ืื™ ืžืงืคื— ื’ื ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. (ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ)

ื”ืขืจืช ืงื•ื“ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”- ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืœื” ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื.

ย 

ืžืกืขื™ืฃ 5 ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช, ืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ.( ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ืื•ืช)

ย 

ืคืก"ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื ' ื”ื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉ ื•ืžื“ื™ื›ืœืœ-

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืจืฉืื™, ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 18(ื‘) ืœื”ื—ื™ืœย  ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื (ื”ื—ื“ืฉ) ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืจืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืงื•ืง-ืืฉืจ ื˜ืจื ืงื•ื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื.

ื—ื•ื–ื” ย ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืชืžืฉืš. ืœื ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•.

ืคืก"ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉ ื ' ื’ื“- ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ- ื ืกืคื—ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœืืฉืจ ื’ื ืื•ืชื.

ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ืชื ืื™

ืกืขื™ืฃ 27- ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื- ื™ืคื™ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” (ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื”), ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ืื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ. (ืชื ืื™ ืžืคืกื™ืง)

ืกืขื™ืฃ 29- ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื•ืขื“ ืกืฃ, ืขื“ ืืœื™ื• ื”ืชื ืื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื (ืžืชืœื”), ื‘ืื ืœื ืงื‘ืขื• ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ื–ื”, ื–ืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ.

ืื ืขื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืชื ืื™ ืœื ื—ืœ- ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ.0ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžืคืกื™ืง, ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœืช ื”ื”ืชื ืื”).

ื”ืชื ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ืฉืจืฃ ื ' ืื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.

ย ื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื–ื” ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื” ืื• ืชื ืื™ ืžืคืกื™ืง. ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช:

1)ืกืขื™ืฃ 27ื’' (ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื”, ื–ื›ืื™ ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืœืกืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™)

ย 2)ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื’ื ื›ืš ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื—ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ ืื• ืœื. ื’ื ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ- ื”ืื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืคืจื”.

ืคืก"ื“ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื ' ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”- ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช ื›ืจืชื” ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื›ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื›ืจื– ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžื’ืจืฉ. ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืฃ ื ืกืคื— ื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”ย  ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืขืœ ืฉื ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื” ืœืžืขืจืขืจืช. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืกื•ื›ื. ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจย  ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื. ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื”.

ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืช ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ืช ืœืชืงื ื”.

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: (ื˜ื™ืจืงืœ)- ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ?

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ื’ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžื›ืจื– ("ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžื’ืจืฉ") ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸย  ืฉื”ืžืขืจืขืจืชย  ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช "ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช".

ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช (ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœื˜ืคืœ "ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš" ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื ื›ืก ืขืœ ืฉืžื”) , ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื”.

ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื”- ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคื ืชื” ืœืžืขืจืขืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืขื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจ, ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช ืคื ืชื” ืœื‘ืจืจย ย  ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื–ืจื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช ืจืืชื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ื‘ืชื”. ื’ื ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืงื•ื™ื™ืžื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ.

  • ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื "ืชื•ืฆืืชื™ื™ื" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื "ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืชื™ื™ื", ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืชื™, ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื•ื’ื ืื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” โ€“ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืจื”.

ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืชื•ืฆืืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช, ืืœื ืจืง ืœืชื•ืฆืื”.

ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ืชื ืื™, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช, ืจืง ืœืชื•ืฆืื”, ืืš ืžื›ื•ื— ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ.ย  ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ื ืจืง ื›ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœื˜ืขื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 27(ื‘)- ืชื ืื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžืช ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื• ืจื™ืฉื•ื™ ืขืค"ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื›ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื”. ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ ย ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื” ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื”.

27(ื’)-ืžื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืคืขืœ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ืื• ื™ืคืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื•.

ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ืžื˜ืคืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 28.

ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื” ืžื˜ืคืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 27(ื’)-

ืื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืื ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™, ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”. ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ืš ืกืขื™ืฃ 17 ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ืงืจื™ โ€“ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืฆื“ ืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืชื™ื“ื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื”ืคืจื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจื” (ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื) ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ื›ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื›ืฉื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข (ืœื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ืชื ืื™) ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืชืžื ืข ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ (ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”).

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ืชื ืื™- ื—ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 27(ื’), ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืกืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื”ืคืจื”.(ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 22 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช). ืื ื”ื”ืคืจื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™- ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืคืจืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.

ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื- ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกืขื“ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘.

*ื”ืขืจื”- ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ืžืคืกื™ืง, ืœืคื™ ื’.ืฉืœื™ื•- ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื” ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื-ืžื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืœืฆื“ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื ืชื ืื™ ืžืคืกื™ืง. ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกืขื“ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืง ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 28-(ื) ืื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื ืœืื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื•.(ื‘) ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืžืคืกื™ืง)

(ื’) ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื™ื’ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”) ืื• ืฉืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืœื ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ืขืœื™ื•.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 29- ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื” ืื• ืžืคืกื™ืง. ืื ืชื ืื™ ืžืชืœื” ืงื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ, ืื ืœื (ืขื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ) ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืžืคืกื™ืง.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 43-ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืงื™ื•ื: ย ื”ืื , ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื•?

ืื ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืกื™ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘-3 ืžืงืจื™ื:

  1. ืžืงื“ืžื”- ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ- ื”ืคืจ, ืงื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื™ืœื , ื”ืื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก?
  2. ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ- ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจ.
  3. ืืฉืจืื™- ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืš ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื”, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ.

ื”ืขืจื”- ืกืขื™ืฃ 43 ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.

ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืกืขื“ ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืœื ืกื•ืคื™,ย  ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช.

  • ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืก' 2, (ืกืขื™ืฃ 43(ื)(3))- ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืœื•ืช, ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื™ื•ื. (ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 23 ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ืย  ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื–ืืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื”).
  • ืžืฆื‘ 1- ืกืขื™ืฃ 43(ื)(2)- ืื ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ื—ื”, ืืš ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”- ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื–ืจื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ืื• ื›ื™ื•"ื‘ ื•ืœื ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื“ื“ื™. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ืืœื ืื ืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื—ืจืช.
  • ืžืฆื‘ 3- ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”: ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 17 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
  • ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืช ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื™ื”- ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.

ืคืก"ื“ ื“ืœืชื ื ' ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื- ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืจืชื• ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื™ืช ืงื ื™ื”. ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืื™ื—ืจื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืš ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœืงื ื™ื”- ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืขืงื‘ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื "ืœย  ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ื—ื•ื–ื”.ืชื•"ื› ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืœืงื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืชื•ื•ืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ืจ.

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื“ื•ืจื ืจ– ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ื”ืคืจื” ืื• ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”.

ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืžืงื ื” ืœื ืคื’ืข ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืงื™ื•ื(ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื).

ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื•"ืœ.

  • ยทย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžื” ืื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ ื‘ื•ย  ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืกื• ืœื—ื•"ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™. ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ืฉืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื˜ืจื—ื• ืœื”ืคื™ื’ื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช- ืจืฉืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื.
  • ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจืฆื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื- ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช.

ย 

ืคืก"ื“ ืืจื‘ื•ืก ื ' ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ- ย ื ื›ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืชย  ื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•, ืืš ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ืžืกืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืขืงื‘ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœ 11 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืžืกืจื” ื”ื“ื™ืจื”, ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืœืžืฉืš 3 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ื˜ืจื ืžืกืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื”.

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื’ื ืื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจืฆื• ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื- ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช.

ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื.

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื™ื“, ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืกืœ ื›ืชื ืื™ ืžืงืคื—.

ย 

ื”ืขืจืช ืงื•ื“ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”-ืกืขื™ืฃ 52ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 43(ื)(3), ืกืขื™ืฃ 128

ย ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืชื ื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืงื™ื•ื ืขื“ ื”ืคื’ืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉ.

ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื:

  • ื”"ื ืคื’ืข" ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 2 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ ืœื—ื•ื–ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื–ื›ืื™ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืคืจ ื•ื ืคื’ืข ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืคืจื”.

ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื. ืกื™ื™ื’ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื ื–ืง,ย  ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช- ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื•ืื›ื™ืคื”. ืกืขื™ืฃ 2 ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ืื’ื•ื–:

ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœ"ืงื™ื™ืก" ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื™ื: (ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืจ):

  1. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื–> ืคื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'.
  2. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื”. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸย  ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช, ืกืขื™ืฃ 39.

ืžื”ื™ ื”ืคืจื”?

ืื ืฆื“ ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืช ื›ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื”? ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ,ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 2 ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืœื. ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ย  ื›ืฉืฆื“ ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš. ืื ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืš- ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื”.

ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”-ย  ืื ืฆื“ ืžืฆื”ื™ืจย  ื›ื™ ื™ืคืจ ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” (ืกืขื™ืฃ 17). ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื•- ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ืืš ื™ืชืืคืฉืจื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื”ืคืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื’ื ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”.

ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 2 ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื–ื›ืื™ ืœ- ืื›ื™ืคื”/ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ/ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื. ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื” ืžื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื”. ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื˜ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื–ืง ื•ื›ื•'.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชืจื•ืคื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ืžื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื”- ืกืขื™ืฃ 18: ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ.

ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืจื” ืฉื”ืžืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื›ื™ืคื” ืื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘' ืืคืฉืจื•ืชย  ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื–ืง.

ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืืจื›ื” ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ? ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœืžืคืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”.

ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืงื•ื“ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื ืขืฉื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื:

  • ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
  • ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืฆื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคืงื™ืขื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ ืข"ืข ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื™ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ "ืชืื•ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช". ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ืคื’ืข ื•ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืคืจ.
  • ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ- ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื”, ืื™ื• ืžืคืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืคื’ืข. ื™ืฉ ืคืงื™ืขืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื”.

ย 

ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืงื™ื•ื- ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื™ื™ื.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืืžืฆืขื™ื- ืื›ื™ืคื” ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื. ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืงื™ื•ื "ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•" ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื’ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื’ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื”. ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืงื™ื•ื "ื ื˜ื•" ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ).

ย ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช- ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื•.

ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืื’ื‘ื™ืช- ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ืฆืื• ื‘ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืืš ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืŸ ืœื ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ืžืคืจ ืฆืคื” ืื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืชื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื–ืง. ืœืขืชื™ืค ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” (ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื•) ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื›ืจื™ืชื” ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.

ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื”- ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ืข"ืข, ืžืฆื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ.ย  ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžืคืจ.

ื ื–ืง ืชื•ืฆืืชื™- ื“ื•ื’': ืื ื ื›ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื ื›ื ืก ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื“ื™ืจื”, ืืš ื›ืฉื˜ืจืง ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช- ื ืคืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ(!) ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ื–ืง ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกืชื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืคืจื”.

ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืคืจื”: ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ืื“ืจืก.

ย ืคืก"ื“ ืื“ืจืก- ื ื›ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘"100", ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื ืง ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืœ-"200", ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื›ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžืกืจื” ืœืงื•ื ื” ืื—ืจ (ื‘200). ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ืจื“ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœ"100" ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ืชื” ืžืžื•ื›ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื”ืื ื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœืงื•ื ื”?

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ืœื•ื™ืŸ- ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื’ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ืื” ืœื” ื–ื›ื” ื”ืžืคืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืคืจื”. ื›ืš ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ืœื ื™ื™ืฆื ื ืฉื›ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ.

ื‘ืจืง– ื’ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ืชย  ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืข"ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืœื ืจืง ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช.

ืฉืงื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช (ืžืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืœ ื–ืžื™ืจ):ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืžื—ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื.

ืคืก"ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื” ื ' ืฆื•ืงื™ื- ื—ืฉื™ืŸ: ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืกื“", ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• "70" ,ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื• "50", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• "20". ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืœื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื.ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ื’ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืงื™ื•ื, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืคื’ืข.ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืกื“- ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช. ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื’ื’" ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช.(ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืŸ)

ื”ืขืจืช ืงื•ื“ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”- ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”- "ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืงื™ื•ื" ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช.

ืื›ื™ืคื”

ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ืช, ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื–ืืช ืžื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื™ "ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื".

ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืกื™ืงืช ืื›ื™ืคื”:

1.ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข- ืื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ื”ืž" ืฉ ืœื ื™ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ืคืกื•ืง ืื›ื™ืคื”. ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ืื•ืžืฅ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืื›ื™ืคื” ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘" ืžื›ื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 39.

ื”ืขืจืช ืงื•ื“ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”: ืื•ืžืฅ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ.

2.ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™- ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื›ืฃ, ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื‘' (ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ื–ืžืจ ืœืฉื™ืจ, ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ..).

ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื”, ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื (ืžืคืขืœ, ืจืฉืช ..) ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื• ืื›ื™ืคื” (ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”).

3. ื›ืฉืฆื• ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื—ย  ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ โ€“ืกื™ื™ื’ ืฉืคื•ืจืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื. ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ืขื•ื ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ' ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ โ€“ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ื™ื’ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื›ืฉื•ืœ โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื•ื ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื ืก ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ืžืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื—.

  1. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœื ื™ืื›ื•ืฃ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื›ื™ืคื” ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ-

ืคืก"ื“ ื•ื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื ' ื”ืจืจื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ื ื™- ื ืขืจืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืจื™. ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉื™ืœื ื•ื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื 5,000 ืœ"ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื ื™ื‘ื• ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืคื’ื™ืฉื”ย  ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืืš ืœืคื ื™ื” ื›ืจืช ื”ืจืจื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื ืงื•ื ื” ืื—ืจ (ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ื ื™). ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ื ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื "ืœ, ืขื“ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ 350,000 ืœ"ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืกื›ื•ื.

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื‘ืจืง– ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 9 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืืš ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื ืžื–ื›ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื ืฉืงืœืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.

ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื, ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื•ืฉืงืข- ื›ืš ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื•.

ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ืจืฆื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง. ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืกื“ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื“ืง, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 9 ืžืชื•ื›ื ื•.

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ืฉืœย  ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืจืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.

ื—.ื›ื”ืŸ-ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 3(4) ืœื’ื‘ื™ "ืื›ื™ืคื” ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ" ื—ืœื•ืช.

ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื• ืขื“ ืชื•ื, ืžืื– ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช- ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื (ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช- ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคืก"ื“). ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืฆื“ืง, ื™ืฉ ืœืคืกื•ืง ืœืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ื™.

ื™.ื›ื”ืŸ-ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื—. ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš. ืื™ืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ื“ืจืš ืกืขื™ืฃ 3(4).ย  ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 9 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœืกื™ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืงื•ืœ.

ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืก"ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืง– ืืš ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืฆื“ืง.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 4-ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืคื”. (ืœืžืฉืœ – ื‘ืฉื™ืขืจื•ืš)

ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืงื•ื“ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืคื”:

ื™ืฉ ื”ืื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื• (ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืื›ื™ืคื”). ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืกื™ื™ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื”: ืœื ื™ืชื ื• ืื›ื™ืคื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืจื•ืคืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืคืจ. ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื™ื’: ื‘ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืกืคื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืคืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืฆื“ืง.

ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื’ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ืฆื• ืžืจืชื™ืข. ืœืงื•ื—ื” ืžื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ืืœื™. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฆื• ืื›ื™ืคื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืžืคืจ ืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืชืช ืฆื• ืื›ื™ืคื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื”ืฆื• ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื ื›ืกืคื™ (ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื ืก) ืฉื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื ืคื’ืข. ื–ื”ื• ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืฆื• ื”ืื›ื™ืคื”.

ย 

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ- ืกืขื“ ืขืฆืžื™. ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชย  ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ- ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ.

ื”ืคืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช- ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœื ืคื’ืข ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื”.

ื”ืคืจื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช- ื ื™ืชื ืช ืืจื›ื” ืœืžืคืจ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจื”, ืžืชื•ื ื”ื”ืืจื›ื”- ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ.

ย ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจื•ืช: ื‘ื”ืคืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ืœื ืคื’ืข ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืืจื›ื” ืœืžืคืจ. ื‘ื”ืคืจื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืจื›ื” ืœืžืคืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื” ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืžืชื•ื ื”ืืจื›ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ.

ื‘ื”ืคืจื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืฆื“ืง โ€“ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ืืจื›ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืฉืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ.

ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืงืœื”. ืœืžืฉืœ: ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืคืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื”.

ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ? ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ?

ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš (ืคืก"ื“ ื“ืœืชื ื”ื ื“ืกื”: ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ). ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ืคืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืช ืืจื›ื” ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ. ืชื ืื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืŸ ืืจื›ื” ืื ื—ืœืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ.

ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืื•ืžืจืช – ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืคืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืข"ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจื”, ืื ืื• ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืืจื›ื”, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจื” ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื”. ืื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช.

ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ:

ืื ื ืคื’ืข ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืื›ื™ืคื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ืžืืก ืœื• ืœื—ื›ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืข"ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืืจื›ื”. ืืš ืื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืื›ื™ืคื”. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”.

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื ืขื ื”ืฉื‘ื”. ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ื— ืคื’ื ื‘ื›ืจื™ืชื”.

ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื ืื ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื• ื”ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืกืคื™.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืก ืชืžื•ืจืช 100. ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืกื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืื—"ื›. ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืื—"ื› ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ื™ืจื“ ืœ-70. ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื ื›ืก "ืคื’ื•ื" ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืคื’ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื•. ืืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘-70.ย  ืื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ื‘ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ. ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื’ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ.

ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื โ€“ ืกืขื™ืฃ 15

ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื”ืื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœื ืชื•ืื ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง. ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ืจืง ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื—ืก ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืช, ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ. ื”ืกื›ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืค"ื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ื•-11.

ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 15 ื‘' ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•". ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.

ืคืก"ื“ ืืžืคื ื ' ืจื•ื ื›ืจืžืœ- ื›ืจืชื• ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ. ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข. ( ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ืกืคืงื”). 5 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸย  ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ืชืงื ื” ืžื™ืฆืจืŸ ืื—ืจ ื•ืชื‘ืข ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื.

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ืขื‘ืจ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื”.

ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 11 ื- ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœืžื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”ย  ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื”ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืืจื™ืš- ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื ื–ืง ืžื›ื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 11(ื).

ืคืก"ื“ ืื ื™ืกื™ืžื•ื‘ ื ' ืžืœื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืช ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข- ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ, ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช ืœื ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืœื•"ื– ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืืฃ ื ื˜ืฉื” ืืช ืืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืคืกืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืคื’ืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื–ืง ืฉืืคืฉืจย  ืœืืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื•. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื ื–ืง ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜.

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื‘ืจืง- ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืจืง ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื–ืง ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜. ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื’ื ืืช ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืง (ื›ืกืคื™ืช).

ืคืก"ื“ ื—ืฉืœ ื ' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ- ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช ืœื ืฉื™ืœืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™. ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ. ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ ืคืกืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 15 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ืฉืžื’ืจ-ย  ื‘ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื–ืง ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืชื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืคืจื” ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืชื• ืžืจืืฉ.

ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื“ื“ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง.

ืžื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืชื”.

ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 15(ื)- ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื™ื—ืก ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื•ืœื• ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื”.

ืคืก"ื“ ื ืชื ื™ื” ื ' ืฆื•ืงื™ื- ื ืขืจืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื” ืœืงืจืงืข ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”- ืœืฉื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืœื•ืŸ.

ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืืช ื—ืœืงื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืื” ืขืฆืžื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื”.

ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ย  ืคืกืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื "ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ 1,000,000 โ‚ชย  ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื”

ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸย  ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืœืฉื ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื ื–ืง ืžืžื•ื ื™- ื“ื—ื” ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื "ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื".

ย ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™(2) ืคืกืง ืขืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฆื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื— ืฆืคื•ื™- ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื "ืœ.

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ืžืœืฅื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื™ืคืกืงื• ืžื›ื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 10ย  ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื•ื, ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืืš ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช- ื™ื™ืคืกืงื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช.

ื™ื™ืคืกืงื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื.

ืื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื”ย  ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืงื™ื•ื- ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืžืœื•ื ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื”.

ย ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช

ื—ืฉื™ืŸ– ืžื˜ืจืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 9(ื”ืฉื‘ื”) ย ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขืช ืข"ืข ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜.

ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืขื™ื ืžืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ื”ื ืื•ืžื ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื•ื,ย  ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืชย  ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืืกื•ืจย  ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื›ืคืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื ื–ืง, ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืฆื ืžื•ืจื•ื•ื—.

EXIMIN ย ื ' ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ- ื ื›ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืกื—ื•ืจื”, ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื”, ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื“ืงื” ื•ืื•ืฉืจื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœื—ื•"ืœ ืืš ื ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืžื›ืก ืขืงื‘ ื”ืคืจืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืฉื•ื. ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ื ื–ืง, ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื•ืœ. ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช (ื”ืงื•ื ื”)ย  ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ย  ืœืกื•ืคื™.

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ืฉืžื’ืจืกืขื™ืฃ 10(ื)- ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื” ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื•ื ืœื‘.

ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 14(ื)-ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื ื–ืงย  ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 10,12,13. ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืืœื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืคืจื”. ืฉืžื’ืจ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื–ืง ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™.

ืคืก"ื“ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ' ืื•ืกื™- ื ืขืจืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืชื•ืš 4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืช 140,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.ย  ืื—ืจื™ 4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื›ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืชืžื•ืจืช 180,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ- ืžื—ื™ืจ ื–ื•ืœ (ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื”- 200,000). ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื”. ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื›ืจื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืงื•ื ื” ืื—ืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช 192,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.

ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ืชื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ื• ืžื›ืจื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก (52,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ)

ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื‘ืจืง– ื‘ืขืช ืคื ื™ื” ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 10 ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื:

1.ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื ื–ืง, ืชื•ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.

2. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื.

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื™ื.

ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™.

ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 11 ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื ื–ืง, ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ. ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื "ืœ ืืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ.

ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 11 ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.

ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ- ืžืกื›ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ: ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื ืคื’ืข ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ื–ืงื•,ย  ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžืŸย  ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžืคืจย  ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืคืจ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.

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ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ.