ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ – ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜

ื—ื•ืง โ€“ Lax โ€“ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื—ืงื•ืง ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื—ื™ืงื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื”, ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ืืžื™.

ื—ื•ืง ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ โ€“ ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื•ืชื• ืืœื ืœืขื ื™ืฉืช ืžืคื™ืจื™ื•.

ื—ื•ืง ื“ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ โ€“ ื—ื•ืง ื˜ื‘ืข, ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืื ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืง.

ืฉื•ืคื˜– ืžื ื”ื™ื’ (ื‘ืชื•ืจื”) โ€“ ื ื•ื”ื’, ื“ื™ื ืืžื™, ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžื•ืกืจ– ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืื ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ.

ื ื•ืจืžื”โ€“ ื ื•ืžื•ืก-ื—ื•ืง, ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,ื ื•ืจืžื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืชื•ืงืคื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช – ื›ื•ื—,ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.

ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื˜ื‘ืขื™

ืžืฉืคื˜ ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื•ื— ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžืจื ื™ ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื˜ื‘ืขืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช( ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื™ื ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ), ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจืคื™, ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™, ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื—ื•ืง ื›ืชื•ื‘. ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช- ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื, ืœืคืจืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืง, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.

ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•- ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืœืฆื“ืง- ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™– ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข (ืœื ืชืจืฆื—) ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืฉืชื ื”– ื—ื•ืง ืฉื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื”ืจืžื‘"ื โ€“ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ื— ื”ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ืื“ื, ืœื—ื•ืงืง ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื“ืจ ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื.

ืงื™ืงืจื• โ€“ ื—ื•ืง ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืขื“,ื”ืืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื ืฆื—ื™, ื—ื•ืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืง ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืง.

ืืงื•ื™ื ืก โ€“ ื™ืฉื ืŸ 4 ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืง โ€“ ื ื™ืฆื—ื™– ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ( ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืžื•ืกืจ, ื“ืช ), ื˜ื‘ืขื™– ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืฆื—ื™, ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ืชื•, ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช-ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื™/ืื ื•ืฉื™- ื—ื•ืง ืฉื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื, ื ื—ืงืง ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื—ืงื—ืงื”, ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื•ืื›ื™ืคื”.

ื”ื•ื‘ืก โ€“ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื- ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœืื”, ืื“ื ืœืื“ื ื–ืื‘, ื—ื™ื™ ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื—ืจื•ืชื•, ื™ืชืื’ื“ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•, ืืš ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.

ืœื•ืงโ€“ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืœื™ ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืŸ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื•.

vย ย ย  ื”ื•ื‘ืก ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืชื—ืœืง ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื•ืง ืœื ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•.

ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™

ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื–ื– ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ื–ื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ( ื”ื•ื ื— ), ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ( ื—ืงื™ืงื” ) ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™, ื™ืฉ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืคื˜. ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืื‘ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืžืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืœืœ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.

ืจื–ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช- ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืค"ื™ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื ืื˜ืจืœื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ืงื‘ืข ืข"ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื•. ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.

ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ– ื—ื•ืง=ืคืงื•ื“ื”, ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื ืชื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ืกื ืงืฆื™ื”, ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืง, ื—ื•ืง ืœืœื ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืง, ืžื ื”ื’ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ื•ืจืžื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช- ืžืงื•ืจื• ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ, ืคืกื™ืงื” ืชืงืคื” ืจืง ืื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืœื” ืชื•ืงืฃ.

ื”ืืจื˜– ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง/ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืชืงืฃ. ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ืžื›ื™ืœ 2 ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื- ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™– ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืคื ื™ืžื™ โ€“ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื”ื“ืจืš, ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื”.

ื›ืœืœื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ( ื”ืืจื˜ )- ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช.

ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ( ื”ืืจื˜ ) โ€“ ืžืกืžื™ื›ื™ื, ืžืขืฆื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกื“ื™ืจื™ื โ€“ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง- ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืคืกื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ืงืฉ, ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ)

ื›ืœืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ( ื”ืืจื˜ ) โ€“ ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืงื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื›ืœืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช .

vย ย  ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืืจื˜ โ€“ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™, ื”ืืจื˜– ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ืื‘ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ ืืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.

ืจื“ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืกื ื ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช โ€“ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœ, ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืงืฃ, ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืœ ื”ื•ื ืชืงืฃ, ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™– ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื, ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืœื™– ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ

ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื‘ื–ื

ืคื•ืœืจ– ืžืฉืคื˜ ื˜ื‘ืข ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจืืœื™- ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœื•, ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืช ืžื™ื“ื”ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืชืงืคื•ืช ืื• ืœื’ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืข"ื™ 8 ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ( ื”ืžืœืš ืจืงืก ) ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข,ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื”. ืœื“ืขืชื• ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ืชืงืคื™ื- ืžื•ืกืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื•ืงืคื-ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื–ื, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ืง. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืืจื˜- ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื™ืงื‘ืข ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืขืžื•ื ื•ื™ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืฉืœืžื” ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื ื”-ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ.

ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ โ€“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœื™ื, ื›ืœืœ โ€“ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขื ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœืœื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื” ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช- ืฆื“ืง/ืžื•ืกืจ โ€“ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช- ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ( ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืช"ื“ ) ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ, ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช โ€“ ืฉ"ื“ ื—ื–ืง-ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืฉื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื•ืจืฉืื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ืืคืจื•ืคื™ื), ืฉ"ื“ ื—ืœืฉ- ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืœื“ืขืช ื“ื•ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.

ื”ืจืืœื™ื–ืย ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจืขื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื•ืžืงืจื”- ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื’ืžื™ืฉ, ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืชื›ืœื™ืชื•, ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.

ื”ื•ืœืžืก– ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืืœื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืฉ"ื“, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉ"ื“ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืืœ ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ.

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช-CLS โ€“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืฉืงืคื” ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื -โ€“ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ), ืœื˜ืขื ืชื ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืคื™ื˜ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืคืงื™ื“.

ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช โ€“ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืข ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘, ื”ื›ืœ ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ืขืค"ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜.

ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื”ืŸ– ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช- ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช- ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง โ€“ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง โ€“ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืฉืžื”. ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง– ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ืฆื“ืง, ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ.

ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืง โ€“ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช โ€“ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช– ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืžื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜. ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืจืฉืŸ. ืชื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืค"ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช โ€“ ื›ืฉื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืื–ื ื ืขืค"ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜.

ืคื˜ืจื ืœื™ื–ื –ย  ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื“ื, ืคื˜ืจื ืœื™ื–ื โ€“ ืื‘ื โ€“ Father .

ืžื™ืœ โ€“ ืžื•ืกืจื™ โ€“ ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœืžืงืกื•ื ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืื•ืฉืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช.

ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ โ€“ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜, ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช,

ื“ื‘ืœื™ืŸโ€“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ืฉื—ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื”ื•ื”ืคืœื“ โ€“ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช โ€“ ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ื•ื”ืคืœื“ โ€“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื— ืžื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช, ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช.

ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ื โ€“ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”, ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื”, ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ 4 ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช: ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™, ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ.

ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ื™ืกโ€“ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ย  ืจืง ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ืช.

ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง โ€“ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ โ€“ ืื ืื“ื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื›ื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื™ืชื• ื•ืื– ืชื”ื™ื” ืื ืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืื“ื, ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™. ( ื™ืœื“ ืจืื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ).

ืกื•ืงืจืื˜ืกโ€“ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช- ืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ื”ืกื›ืžื”– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืขืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ืชื•ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” โ€“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ืชื•ืขืœืช โ€“ ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.

ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืชโ€“ ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ โ€“ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ืžื•ื—ื” ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืขืค"ื™ ืขืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™. ืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ โ€“ ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช, ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื—ืจื™ื โ€“ ื ืืžืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช. ืžืจื™ ืžืจื“ื ื™ โ€“ ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆืžื”.

ื‘ื ื˜ื”ืืโ€“ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื, ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืช, ืžืื™ื“ืš ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืขืค"ื™ ืชืคื™ืฉืชื.

LEX INIUSTA NON ESC LEXโ€“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจื– (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-1939 ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคื’ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจื˜ ืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“. ื ื—ื•ืฉืชืŸ ืขืฉื” ืืฆืœื• ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜).

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช-ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช:

1. ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื (ืžืขืชื” ื•ืื™ืœืš), ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื- ื—ื•ืง ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื ืžืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.

2. ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื- ืื ื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ.

3. ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื’ื–ืจ ืžื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื- ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.

4. ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืคืกื™ืงื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื.

5. ื›ืœืœื™ ืฆื“ืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™- ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื ืืฉื ื‘ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื ืืฉื ื•ืœืชืช ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.

6. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช.

7. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื.

8. ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช "ืœืจื•ืงืŸ" ื—ื•ืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื•- ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืื•ื›ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื.

ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ 3: ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื’ื–ืจ ืžื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื:

ืžืชื™ ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช:

1. ืคืขื•ืœื” (ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ)- ย ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืื ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืกื“ื™ืจื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข (ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžื™ืกื™ื).

ื ื•ืจืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคืš.

ืœื“ืขืช ืจื–, ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื ื”ื ืœื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื. ื–ื• ื›ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื.

ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื”– ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื–, ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช (ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜).

ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง (ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื–)

ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.

ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ืœืžื‘ืฆืขืช (ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”: ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช).

ื”ืื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืขืฆืžืื™?

ืจื–: ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ื˜ืจืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช. ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื• (ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช) ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง.

ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ.

ืคื™ื ื™ืก: ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืชืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืจื–: ืžื˜ืจืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช- ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื” (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืข"ื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข ืžื™ื™ืขืœืช ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืข ืฉืœื”ื).

ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื–, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืจื™, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืžืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืกืจื™– ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ืœื”ืคืจ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื• ื•ืžื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช. ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง (ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง):

ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื– ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

1. ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช- ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžืก ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืื™ืœืš.

2. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืฆื“ืง– ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ืœื ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.

3. ืื™-ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ– ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.

4. ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ืช (ืคื•ืœืจ)- ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ.

5. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื—ื‘ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื”ืกืžื›ืช ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืžื ื ื–ื”ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืง ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืืชื• ื‘ืขื™ื”.

6. ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืง– ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื, ืฉืžื˜ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช.

ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื- ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืžืจื” ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืื—ื“: ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžื•ืกืจ.

ืจื– ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ืขื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช:

1. ืžื”ื• ื”ื—ื•ืง? ืื™ืš ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืง? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืชื–ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช– ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืฉื˜ื—).

2. ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืชื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช– ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ.

3. ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื (ื–ื›ื•ืช,ื—ื•ื‘ื”..)? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืชื–ื” ื”ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืช– ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืช,

ย ย ย ย ย  ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ื’'ื•ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ (ืžืฉืคื˜ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™, 1790-1859).

ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ืžื”ื• ื”ื—ื•ืง? ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื•? ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื•: ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ืคื” ื•ืืœื™ื.

ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืง, ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

1. ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืงื•ื“ื”.

2. ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืข"ื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ (ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื›ื•ื—. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืคื™ื–ื™ ืืœื™ื).

3. ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ืื ืžืคืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”

ย ย ย ย ย  (ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื”- ืฆื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœื ื ืขืจื›ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื˜ืœื”).

4. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืคืงื•ื“ื” (ืžืชื•ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื”).

ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ: ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื” ืืœื™ืžื” ื•ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช.

ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื˜ ื•ืจื– ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ:

1. ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื•ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง.

2. ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื›ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง- ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื–ื ื™ื—.

ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ:

1. ื”ื˜ืœืช ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืื• ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ืœื ื ื—ื•ืฆื”.

2. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื (ื•ืœื ืจืง ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืขืœ ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื•ืกื ืงืฆื™ื”).

3. ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื. ื”ื ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื ืžืกื ืงืฆื™ื”, ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช.

4. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืœื ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช.

ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ:

1. ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืง. ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.

2. ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื ืงื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื.

ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืืจื˜ (1907-1992).

ื”ืืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ) ื”ื: ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ื™ืก, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจื– ื•ืจื•ื ืœื“ ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ.

ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ) ืžื’'ื•ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื”ื ืก ืงืœื–ืŸ.

ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ: ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ื (ืžืฉืคื˜ = ืคืงื•ื“ื” + ืกื ืงืฆื™ื”), ื”ืืจื˜ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜

ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:

1. ื›ืœืœื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื: ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช: ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ืืกื•ืจ, ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.

2. ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื: ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื:

1. ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™– ืงื•ื‘ืข ืื™ืš ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.

2. ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™– ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ืืกื•ืจ.

3. ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ื˜ื”/ืื›ื™ืคื”– ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ืคืจ ื›ืœืœ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื•ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื” ื”ื–ื•.

ืœืคื™ ื”ืืจื˜, ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžืฉืคื˜. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœืœื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืจื• ื›ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื™ืชื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื (ืขื•"ื“, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื…). ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ืจื•ื-ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.

ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™– ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขืช). ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืขืฉื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ืœื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ืื—ื“. ื”ืืจื˜ ืจืื” ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื›ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช" ืฉืœ ืงืœื–ืŸ.

ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช:

1. ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” (ืžืคืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ืจื•ืช).

2. ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” (ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”).

3. ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” (ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื ืฉืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ).

ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช (ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ):

ืืฆืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช: ื™ืฉื ื• ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื ื•ืชืง, ืฉืžื ื—ื™ืช ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื•. ื”ืืจื˜ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื—ื•ืง ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”.

ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช, ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช…) ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.

ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช (ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืืจื˜):

ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช:

1. ื”ืื X ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง? ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืื– ื ืฉืืœ:

2. ืžื” X ืื•ืžืจ?

ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ- ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” (ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื˜). ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ.

ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื:

1. ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช– ื›ืœืœื™ื ืขืžื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื (ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื“ืชื™ืช- ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ).

2. ื›ืœืœื™ื– ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื (ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืื• ืœื”ืคืจ, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืงืฆืช).

ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืจื– ืฆื•ื“ืง ื•ืคื™ื ื™ืก ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช: ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื›ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ– ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืข"ืค ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉ-X ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจืง ืข"ื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.

ย 

ย 

ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ืกืžื›ื•ืช (ืจื–)

ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื– ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช (ืœื—ื•ืง):

1. ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข X ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช X ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ (ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื•).

2. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื• X ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื” ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช X ืžืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื.

ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™

ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช:

1. ืžืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง? ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืง.

2.ย ย  ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘? ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื—ื•ืง ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืขืฆืžืื™.

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข: ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื•.

3.ย  ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื? ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื›ืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ

ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช (ื”ืคืœื”, ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช, ืจืฆื—, ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”) โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง.

ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™- ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงืœืืกื™:

ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช. ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืจ.

ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ. ืื•ืชื ืชื ืื™ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื–ื”ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื—ื•ืง ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘- ื”ื—ื•ืง ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื“ืง. ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•.

ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™:

1. ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ืชื™– ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืืœ.

2. ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช– ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืืœ.

3. ื—ื•ืง ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™– ื™ืฉื ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื”.

4. ื”"ื˜ื•ื‘" ืงื•ื“ื ืœ"ื–ื›ื•ืช" ืจืง ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•.

5. ืื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ: ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.

ืชื•ืžืก ืืงื•ื•ื™ื ืก (ื ื–ื™ืจ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ื™ืก, 1225-1274).

ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืข ืกื•ื’ื™ื:

1. ื—ื•ืง ื ืฆื—ื™- ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข (ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ) ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืžื™ื“, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.

2. ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช– ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืชื "ื›ื™ื, ืฉื ืžืกืจื• ืœื ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืืœ.

3. ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื•ืกืจ/ ื˜ื‘ืข– ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.

4. ื—ื•ืง ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (ืื ื•ืฉื™)– ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืœืชืจื’ืžื ืœืฉืคืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืกืจื™/ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื– ื”ืคืœื” ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืืกื•ืจื”).

ืชื•ืžืก ื”ื•ื‘ืก (ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื’ืœื™, 1588-1679).

ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฆื, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื–ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ. ืื“ื ืœืื“ื ื–ืื‘. ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื“ืฃ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืื’ื“. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.

ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื˜ื‘ืขื™:

1. ืจื“ื™ืคืช ืฉืœื•ื– ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื›ื•ืœื.

2. ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช– ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš.

3. ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช– ืื ื™ ืžืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.

ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืœื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื” ืžืฉื‘ืฉืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.

ืคื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืง (ื”ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ):

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช (ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื)

ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžืกืžื›ื•ืช

ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง– ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื•ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื.

ืฆื“ืง ื—ืœื•ืงืชื™/ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ– ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืง ืžืคืœื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™.

ืื™ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ืื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฆื“ืง ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžืกืžื›ื•ืช.

ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœื ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื”, ืฆื•ื“ืงืช, ื•ืžืงื“ืžืช ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™.

ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข

1. ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช– ืœื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืœืœื ื—ื•ืง ืžืกืžื™ืš ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.

2. ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ืกืจ (ืœืงื•ื ื”)– ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื ืœื—ื•ืงืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง (ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ื“ืœ), ืืœื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง.

3. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง– ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื•ืื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ืคืก"ื“ ืงื˜ืœืŸ).

4. ืžืฉืคื˜ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ื ื•ืจืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช:

1. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช– ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœืœื™ ืฆื“ืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™.

2. ื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช– ื‘ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ืžื–ืจื—ื™: ืื ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”- ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื™ื‘ื˜ืœื•, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื›ื ืกืช ืื™ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืง ื›ื–ื”.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืืœื™ืžื”.

3. ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™– ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืœืฉื•ื ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื”.

4. ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช– ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช-ื”ืขืœ (ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข) ืฉืื™ื ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื.

ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™

1. ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช: ืžื”ื• ื—ื•ืง? ื•ื”ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืง? ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืข"ืค ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืง.

2. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ- ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง.

ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ (ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข)

ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืืจื˜. ืข"ืค ื”ืืจื˜ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื›ืœืœื™ื.

ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช:

1. ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช.

2. ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืขืžื•ืžื™ื.

ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื˜:

1. ื–ื”ื• ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื.

2. ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืขืžื•ืžื™ื, ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืจืง ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช.

ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ:

1. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ืขืžื•ืžื”.

2. ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช.

3. ืชื–ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”- ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช.

4. ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช/ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” (ื•ืœื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช) ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.

ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช

1. ื›ืœืœื™ื ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ "ื”ื›ืœ ืื• ืœื ื›ืœื•ื" ื•ื”ื ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืฉืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืชื•ืฆืื” (ืืœื ืจืง ื ื•ืชืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืื—ืจืช).

2. ืžืฉืงืœ/ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช- ืžืฉืชื ื” ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช.

3. ื›ืœืœื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ, ืืš ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ.

4. ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื.

ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื• ืขืžื•ื. ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ื.

ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืืจื˜: ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื ืœื ืกืชื ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.

ืžืงืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื–ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”

ืžืงืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง (ืœืงื•ื ื”) ืื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ.

ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืœื•ืชื”. ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื”. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•: ืื™ื–ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช? ืื™ื–ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช? ื•ืื™ืœื• ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง? ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™.

ืžืงืจื” ืกื•ืจื ืกื•ืŸ (ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ืชื–ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”)

ื’ื‘ืจืช ืกื•ืจื ืกื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืœื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ื•ื ืคื’ืขื” ืžืžื ื”. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืคื™ ื ืชื— ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื” ื”ืืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”? ืœืคื™ ื”ืืจื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืขื™ืœืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืจื˜ ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืืฆืœ ื”ืืจื˜ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ืคืกืงื• ืœืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื”. ืืฆืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ. ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.

ืื™ื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื”?

ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืžืจ: ืœื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื“ื ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ืจื.

ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืžืจ: ืื“ื ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื• ื ื–ืง ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™.

ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจืช ืกื•ืจื ืกื•ืŸ: ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœืคื™ ื ืชื— ื”ืฉื•ืง.

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™

ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื ืกืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืฆื“ืง, ื•ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืข"ืค ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืš ื”ื™ื ื ืกืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืฆื—ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.

ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ืง ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืชื ืื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื“ืช ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืฉืื•ืกืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืคืœื•ืช ื ื•ืคืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืชืงืฃ, ืืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื).

ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืจืง ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช.

ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ื™ื•ืฉืจื”- ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช

ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืฉืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช- ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”.

ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื ื™ื•ืฉืจื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช– ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”.

ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื™ื•ืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืื ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ื•.

ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืจืฉืจืช

ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืจืฉืจืช, ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืฃ. ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช: ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ. ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.

ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ

1. ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.

2. ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ื™ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.

3. ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช: ืžื”ื• ื—ื•ืง? ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘? ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืฉื•ืืœ ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.

ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื – ื–ืจื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ โ€“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ – ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ) ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืืš ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืกืจ (ื’ื ื—ื•ืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืชืงืฃ). ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ (ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื‘ื ืช'ืื ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชืŸ) ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ โ€“ ืœืœื ืคืื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืฉืคื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” โ€“ ืžื”ื• ื—ื•ืง – ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื ืชื™ื ื™ื•. ืชื—ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ –ย  ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” –ย  ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ืขื“ ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ย  ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื โ€“ ืจืง ื›ืœืœื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืžื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ืคื ื™ื โ€“ ืœื ืชื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืชื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ ื›ืื‘ ื•ืกื‘ืœ. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช โ€“ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืกื ืงืฆื™ื”, ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœืงื•ื ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื›ื•ื— ื•ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืืจื˜ (ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืžืชื•ืŸ) โ€“ ื›ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ 2 ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื: ื”ื‘ื˜ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื™ – ืžื”ื• ื—ื•ืง โ€“ ื›ืœืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืฉืจ ื–ื•ื”ื” ืข"ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ (ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžืืชืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื). ืชื—ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ –ย  ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜(ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™). ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” –ย  ืœื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘, ืœื ืžื‘ืกืกื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” (ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™) . ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ. ืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื โ€“ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื (ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช). ืœืžื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ืคื ื™ื โ€“ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช โ€“ ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉืง"ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื’ื ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช. ืงืœื–ืŸ(ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ) โ€“ ืžื”ื• ื—ื•ืง โ€“ ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชืžืœืื• ื”ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืกื ืงืฆื™ื”. ืชื—ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ –ย  ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” –ย  ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืœืคื™ ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ (ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฆื™ื•ืช) . ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ.. ืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื โ€“ ืจืง ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”. ืœืžื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ืคื ื™ื โ€“ ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืจืžื” ืžืชืžืœืื™ื. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื•ืช (ืžื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืชื•ืงืฃ), ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืื•ืชื” ื’ื ืœืืœ, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช โ€“ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืงืกื™ื•ืžื” ืœื ืžื“ืขื™ืช., ื”ื›ื•ื— ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” (ืžื”ืคื›ื”), ื”ื–ื ื—ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜, ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช).,

ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข โ€“ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื™ โ€“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืื ื ื’ื–ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืžืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืชืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื›ืœืœ. ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืชื—ืœืง ืœ2 ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช: ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช โ€“ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ืฉืœื˜ ืข"ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื™ื•ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื•ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ื›ืš ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืจื•ืžื โ€“ ืงื™ืงืจื• โ€“ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืกืคืง ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ. ืืงื•ื•ื™ื ืก (ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื) โ€“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœ4: ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ืฆื—ื™, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื”ื•ื‘ืก (ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ 16-17) โ€“ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืื“ื ืจืข ืžื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืข"ืž ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื• ื›ื•ื— ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืœื ื’ื ืื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• (ื”ืžื•ืกืจ/ืฆื“ืง ืื™ื ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™).. ืœื•ืง (17-18) โ€“ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืžื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ื‘ืก ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช โ€“ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื. ื’ื ืคื•ืœืจ ื•ื’ื ืคื™ื ืก ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง โ€“ ืžืงื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืœื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืชืงืฃ. ืคื•ืœืจ โ€“ ืงื•ื‘ืข 8 ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื•ืื ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ: ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ืคืจืกื•ื/ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืคืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช/ืชื—ื•ืœื”, ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช/ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืขื“ืจ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช/ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืื›ื™ืคื”/ื”ืชืืžื”. ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืจื˜/ืคื•ืœืจ โ€“ ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืœืฉื™ื ื”" โ€“ ื”ืืจื˜ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืชืงืฃ, ืคื•ืœืจ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืฉื—ืจื’ื” ืžื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช – ื”ืืจื˜ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืจ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฆื“ืง, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืชย  ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืจ, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”.. ืคื™ื ืก (ื—ืกื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื•ื™ื ืก) โ€“ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืื•ืชืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ื“ืข, ืžืฉื—ืง, ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ื“ืช. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช โ€“ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช (ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืจืช), ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช (ืงืฉื” ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช)

ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืืจื˜ (ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื—ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื โ€“ ื™ืฉื ื 3 ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืง: ืฉืคื” ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ืฉืกืชื•ื, ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื โ€“ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืคื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช โ€“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืฆืžื”,, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœื•, ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช. ืจื– (ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื”ืืจื˜) โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื’ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืœื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™. ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื’ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืขื”, ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืš ืงืฉื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™. ื“ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ (ื ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜) โ€“ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื”ืขื – ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ "ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช". ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืœืœื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืœื ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.. ืฉืคื™ืจื โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื—ื‘, ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื–ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžื ื˜ืจืœืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืจืง (ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื) โ€“ ืฉืง"ื“ ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืข"ืค ื“ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ "ืžืชื—ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช" โ€“ ื›ืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื, ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืชื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช,

ืฆื“ืง โ€“ ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ (ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•) โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืข"ืค ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•, ืืš ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืœื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืงื”., ืฆื“ืง ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช (ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื”). ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฆื“ืง: ืฆื“ืง ื ื”ืœื™ ืฉืœื โ€“ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ืืช. ืฆื“ืง ื ื•ื”ืœื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืœื– ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉื ื” ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช (ืขืฆื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ืชื•ืš 24ืฉ'). ืฆื“ืง ื ื•ื”ืœื™ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ โ€“ ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื•ืื•ืœื ืื ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ ืฆื•ื“ืง ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช (ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืก)

ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ื ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ โ€“ ื–ืจืžื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ โ€“ 3 ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช: ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, CLS ื•ืคืžื™ื ื™ื–ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.. ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ (ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™) โ€“ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”, ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ. ืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ โ€“ ืกืคืงืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ื (ืœื•ืืœื™ืŸ) ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืขืžื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช. ืกืคืงืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช (ืคืจื ืง) โ€“ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ( ืขื•"ื“, ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื,ืช ื ืืฉื, ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ื•ืขื•ื“..). CLSื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืจืจื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืื ื’ืœื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื•ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ืืœื™ืช โ€“ ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช โ€“ ืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ืช (ื›ืœ ืจืื™ื” ืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช), ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ืช, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืข"ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื,ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ โ€“ ืฉืœื•ื, ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘,.ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ืืœื™ืช โ€“ ืงื•ื“ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” (ืคืฉื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืฉื˜ื” (ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช – ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื), , ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ื•ืช, ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”"ืชื•ื-ืœื‘", ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” (ืœืงื•ื ื”), ืื›ื™ืคื” ื›ืกืขื“ ืขื™ืงืจื™.

ืคื•ื’ืœ ื ' ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจืžืจ ืคื•ื’ืœ ืงื ื” ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืžื—ื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื• ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืž ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื ืงื ืชื” ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข, ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืฆื‘ืข โ€“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืืกืžื›ืชื ื—ื•ืงื™ืช. ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข. ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื–ืจื— ืข"ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืืกืžื›ืชื. ื”ืคื ื™ื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฆ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” โ€“ ื”ืื ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืื• ืœื ื–ื›ืื™ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข.

ื›ื”ืŸ ื ' ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ืื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืงื‘ืข , ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื” ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื”ืŸ ืขืจืขื•ืจ . ื‘ื ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืžืจ โ€“ ืื™ืš ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืขืจืขื•ืจ.

ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืคืชื— โ€“ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืื• ืื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช. ืื™ืคื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืœื“

ืคื•ื“ืžืกืงื™ ื ' ื”ื™ื•ืขืž"ืฆ

ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช- ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ื•ืคืœื“

ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช:

ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ( ื”ืื— ืฉืœืžื” ืคื•ื“ืžืกืงื™ ื•ืื—ืจ') ืื™ืœืฆื• ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื•ืžื™ื™ ืืงื“ื— ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื (ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคื•ื“ืžืกืงื™), ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ ืžื›ื— ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืขืฆืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ืข"ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืœื•ืย  ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ย  ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ื”ื•ืขืžื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืกืข' 100 (ื’) ืœืคืง' ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™, 1936, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื•ื‘ื” ื ืงื‘ืข:"ื”ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื–ืง ืœื’ื•ืคื•…ื•ื”ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื–ื” ืื“ื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืข"ืค ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืื• ืฉืื™ื–ื” ืื“ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืื™ื–ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืข"ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•, ื™ืืฉื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ".

ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜: ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืŸ-ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช (ืขืค"ื™ ืคืก"ื“)

ืคืก"ื“ 1/65 ื™ืจื“ื•ืจ ื . ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช: ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืคื•ืกืœืช ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืืœ-ืขืจื“ (ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฆืขื” ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”). ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื (ื”ืžืฆืข) ื›ื™ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืชื” ืœื”ื. ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช (ื”ืžืฆืข,ื•ื”ืขื“ืจ ื—ื•ืง ืžืกืžื™ืš). ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื:

ื.ย ย  ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื›ื”ืŸ-ย  ื™ืฉ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืกืžื™ืš ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืกืžื›ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” (ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœ), ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืง.ื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืจืฆื•ื™ ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืง ื›ื–ื”. ืขืžื“ืชื• ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื—ื•ืชืจืช ื ื’ื“ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืื•ืชื” (ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™).

ื‘.ย ย ย  ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ- ื™ืฉ ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื™ืฉ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื”. ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืฉ ืื•ืชื” (ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”). ืขืžื“ืชื• ื ื•ืŸ-ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช (ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™).

ื’.ย ย ย  ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื’ืจื ื˜-ย  ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื "ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•" ื•ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸย  ืื ื™ืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืขืจืขืจืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช! ื•ืคืกื™ืœืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืชื— ืืช ืคืกื™ืงืชื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช:

i. ื ื•ืŸ-ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช – ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ื” ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”\ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘.

ii. ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช – ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ื” ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžืš ืจืฉืžื™.

ืคืก"ื“ ืœืื•ืจ 1988: ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืš ืฉืœื›ืœ ื—"ื› ืชื•ื’ื“ืจ ืžื›ืกื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ื–ืืช ืจืง ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื›ื ืกืช. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื•ืช 1-3 ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 61 ื—"ื› ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™. ืœืื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” – ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืจืง ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื›ื ื“ืจืฉ ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืœืื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช.ืžื ื—ื ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืžืœืฅ ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื’ื ืงืจื™ืื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ืจื”.

ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืคืก"ื“:ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืงืจื•ืŸ-ืขืœ ื•ื—ื•ืง ืฉืกื•ืชืจ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืคืกืœ ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงืชื•. ื‘ืจืง ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช – ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื”ืž"ืฉ ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืžืจื•ืกื ืช. ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ื—ื•ืง ืžื›ื•ื— ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ (ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช) ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืคืกืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ.

ืคืก"ื“ 3798/94 ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื . ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช: ื’ื‘ืจ ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœืœื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืคืชื” ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืช 15 ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ืžื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขืจื›ืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืืฉืžืช ื‘ืขื™ืœืช ืงื˜ื™ื ื”). ื”ื ืขืจื” ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ. ื”ืื‘ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื™ืœื“.ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“? ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ 2 ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ: (1) ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื- ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ. (2) ืžืกืคืจ ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื- "ืื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื" ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ "ืžืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืœื ืชืฆืžื— ืขื™ืœืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื”" ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืื™ืžื•ืฅ, ื‘ื‘ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืคื” ืื—ื“ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื”ื™ืžืกืจ ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื›ื™ ืœื™ืœื“ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื™ืœื“ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”. ืืš ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ื ื—ืœืงืช ืœ-3 ืขืžื“ื•ืช:

ื. ืขืžื“ื” "ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื–ืžื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืš: ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืžืงืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ืžื‘ืกืกืช ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• (ืื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง) "ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื”" ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” (ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื”) ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืขื™ืœืช ืื™ืžื•ืฅ.

ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื’ื ืœืคืก"ื“ ืจื™ื’ืก ื ื’ื“ ืคืœืžืจ ื‘ื• ื ื›ื“ ืจืฆื— ืืช ืกื‘ื• ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฉืขืชื• ื‘ืจืฆื— ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ย  ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื›ื“ ื™ื•ืจืฉ. ื”ื ื›ื“ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื”ืž"ืฉ ืคื•ืกืง ื›ื™ "ืžืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืœื ืชืฆืžื— ืขื™ืœืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื”"ย  ื•ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื ื›ื“. ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ืจื™ื’ืก ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ื–ื” ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ.

ื‘. ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืข 2 ื“ืจื›ื™ื (ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ื ืฉืื ื”ืกื•ื“ ื™ ืฉืžืจ ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”..):

i. ื—ืกืจ ืกืžื•ื™– ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืงืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืชืช ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”/ื”ืฆื“ืง (ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืœืงื•ื ื” – ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื‘ื”ืž"ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•-ืจื–). ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.

ii. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” – ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื/ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง (ืฉื›ืŸ "ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“"). ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ "ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื—ื•ื˜ื ื ืฉื›ืจ" ื›ื—ืœืงย  ืžืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื•ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื” ื”ืื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ (ืขืฆื ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ). ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื›ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช

ื’. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื—ืฉื™ืŸ (ื ื•ืŸ-ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช): ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืื‘ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ "ืื™ ืžืกื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ืช". ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืœื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืœื ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆืื”. ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืกืจ ืกืžื•ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ื•ืชืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืš ืืš ื–ื• ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”! ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืœืงื•ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืืชื” ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื—ื•ืงืง (ื—ืกืจ ื’ืœื•ื™-ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื—ืกืจ ืกืžื•ื™- ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช). ื‘ืคืกื™ืงืชื• ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืืฆืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ "ื”ืจืฆื—ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ืจืฉืช" – ืื“ื ืฉืจืฆื—ย  ืœื ื™ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• (ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืชืงืฃ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘). ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืืš ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื). ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืกื•ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง (ื—ืฉื™ืŸ- ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื•ื ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ).

ืคื•ื“ืžืกืงื™ ื ' ื”ื™ื•ืขืž"ืฆ– ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ( ื”ืื— ืฉืœืžื” ืคื•ื“ืžืกืงื™ ื•ืื—ืจ') ืื™ืœืฆื• ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื•ืžื™ื™ ืืงื“ื— ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื (ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคื•ื“ืžืกืงื™), ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ ืžื›ื— ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืขืฆืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ืข"ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืœื•ืย  ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ย  ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ื”ื•ืขืžื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืกืข' 100 (ื’) ืœืคืง' ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™, 1936, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื•ื‘ื” ื ืงื‘ืข:"ื”ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื–ืง ืœื’ื•ืคื•…ื•ื”ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื–ื” ืื“ื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืข"ืค ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืื• ืฉืื™ื–ื” ืื“ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืื™ื–ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืข"ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•, ื™ืืฉื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ".

ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื›ื•ืช: ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืœ-ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:

1. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฆื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื—ืจ ื™ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืื• ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ื "ืœ, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื” ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืื ื™ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื”. ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืก ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืกื ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•, ืื• ืœืฉื ื”ืขื ืฉืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืขืœ ืื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืฆื“ื•. ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื, ื ืฉื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื“ืŸ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืื• ืื™ ืžืขืฉื”

2. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืื• ื”ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืชื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืชื , ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืคืจืขื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืชืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื—ืจ, ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื‘ืฆืขื”. ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืจืฉื” ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื• ืืžื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘' ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘' ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ: ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืข ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ 2 ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.

3. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื• ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช: ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช:ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืกืข' 100(ื’), ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—: ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืชืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื–ื›ืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•.

ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช:

1. ืœืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื” (ืคืง' ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื”. ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฉื—ืจืจื (ืœืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื).

2. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื (ืฉืœืžื” ืคื•ื“ืžืกืงื™)ย  ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ืฆืจื, ื•ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ืจื™ื( ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืื— ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคื•ื“ืžืกืงื™)

1. "ื›ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคืกื•ืง ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš, ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช."ย  ื”ืื ื ื›ื•ืŸ?

a. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ "ื›ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” … ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ" โ€“ ื”ืื ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื•ื”ื ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื”, ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืง. ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื•ืช.

b. ื”ืื ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช โ€“ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช.

2. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื?

a. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืื™ืฉื™.

b. ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืง โ€“ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืง, ื•ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื• – ืœื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืžืคื™ืจื™, ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื”ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ื“ืขื•ืช "ื–ืื‘ื™ื•ืช", ื•ืื– ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ "ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื”" – ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.

c. ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื’ื ื– โ€“ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื•ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื (ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื•ืชื•) "ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ", ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื”ืŸ.

3. "ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื ื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช. ื”ื ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ." ื”ืื ื ื›ื•ืŸ?

a. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื) ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื”ืžื˜ื-ืืชื™.

b. ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช (ื•ื•ื ื’) โ€“ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ-ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ื–ื (ื’ื ื–). ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืืœื•.

(ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืจืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืืš ื”ื ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื›ืžืกืงื ื” ืชืงืคื” ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช).

4. "ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžื”ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืœ ืงืื ื˜ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช." ื”ืื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?

a. ืงืื ื˜ โ€“ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ โ€“ ื ื•ืกื—ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” – ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ื•ืง ื›ืœืœื™, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืงืœืข ืœืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกืชื™ืจื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™.

b. ืงืื ื˜ โ€“ "ื”ืื“ื ื›ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“" โ€“ ื™ื—ืก ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื• ืžื‘ื˜ื ื™ื—ืก ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื—ืก ื›ื–ื”, ืืš ืื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ ืœืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื•ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืกื•ืชืจ ื™ื—ืก ื–ื”.

c. ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœ"ื˜ื•ื‘" (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืืชื™-ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™, ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ืช, ืจื•ื•ื—ื”), ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ื•ื™ืžื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” โ€“ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ืื’ืจื’ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื•ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืœื-ื™ืฉื™ืจ), ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืจืฆื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.

5. ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืืœื ื™ื ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืฉืจืช ืฉื?

a. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช. ืžื”ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœ-A ืœื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื“ืงืช ืžืขืฉื™ a.

b. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื. ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชืชื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืœื-ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื.

c. ื”ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืกืจื‘ – ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ืœืคื™ ืจื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช). ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื•.

6. "ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืง, ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœื”ืชืขืœืย  ืžื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื." ื”ืื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?

a. ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื•ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืŸ-ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื.

b. ืืฆืœ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ืื™ื ื• ืชื ืื™ ืœืชื•ืงืคื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืจืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื–ื•. ืœื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื“ืง, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืงื•ืช. ืืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ-ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.

c. ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืŸ-ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื•ื›ืœ ื ื•ืจืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืื›ื•ืฃ. ืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื—ืคื™ืคื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืื›ื•ืฃ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืงื•ืช, ืืš ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœืื›ืคืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื• ืื• ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžืžื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.ย  ืืš ื’ื ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืžื ื•), ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžืŸ "ื”ื“ื™ืŸ" ื›ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื, ืืœื ืจืง ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.

7. "ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืจื˜ ืฉืœื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ื“ืกืงืจืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™." ื”ืื ื ื›ื•ืŸ?

a. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื— (ื”ืฉื•ื“ื“), ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืœื’ื•ืจื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช) ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื›ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช).

b. ืืฆืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื "ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ", ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ื ืื›ืคืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช. ืœื—ื•ืง ืืฆืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืกื ืงืฆื™ื”, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•. ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื“ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ (ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื”, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ) ืื™ื ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™.

c. ื”ืืจื˜ ืืžื ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (ืฉื—ืกืจื” ืืฆืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ), ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืœื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื—ื•ืง ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช (ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™), ืืœื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช (=ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™), ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืžืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืชืืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืœืœื™ื, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.

8. ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืจ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ื”ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืœ ืงืื ื˜ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช. ื”ืืžื ื? ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื“ื•ืข.

a. ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ ื•ื ื•ืกื—ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืื ื˜ โ€“ ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉืœ "ื”ืคืจ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื›ืฉื ื•ื—" ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืง ื›ืœืœื™? ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกืชื™ืจื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื– ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื•ืก (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืคืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”). ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืงืื ื˜ื™ืื ื™ โ€“ ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™-ื ื™ืกื•ื—.

b. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืขืœืช โ€“ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉืงืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืžืคืจ, ื”ื ื–ืง ืœื ื™ืคืจ, ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืœืœืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš. ื’ื ืื ืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื•ืžืงืจื”. ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

9. ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ ื›ื–ื”.

a. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืžืขืฉื” โ€“ ืžืื™-ื”ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœ-A ืœื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื™ืœืช ืžืขืฉื™ a.

ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช), ืœืคื™ ืจื–, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืคืขื•ืœืช ืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช – ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช (ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”) ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืฉืœืœืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื”ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืชืจืช ื”ืžืจื™ ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื“ืง, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช). ืคืขื•ืœืช ืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืื ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืจื•ืช.

1. ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช?

ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืงืœ ื–ื”ื” ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื™ื•/ื” ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ื•/ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืงื‘ืฆืŸ, ืื• ื›ืื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.

2. ืžื“ื•ืข ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืก ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช (ื›ืžืขื˜) ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™, ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช (ื›ืžืขื˜) ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜?

ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื‘ืก (ื›ืžืขื˜) ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ืœืžืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ.

3. ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื™/ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.

ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”) ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ โ€“ ื‘ืขืฆื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื "ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื".

4. ืžื”ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ claim-right ืขืœ ืคื™ Hohfeld? ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื™/ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื/ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื.

ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื” ืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ. ืœืžืฉืœ: ื–ื›ื•ืชื™ ื›ืœืคื™ื™ืš ืฉืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืชืกืคืงื™ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืžื›ืจืช ืœื™ ื”ื™ื claim right โ€“ ื•ืžื•ืœื” ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชืš ื›ืœืคื™ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.

5. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง?

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืžื”ื ื˜ืœ ืฉื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ. ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืช.

1. ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืงืจื” ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื”.

ื. ืชืืจ/ื™ ืืช ืžืงืจื” ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื”. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช?

ืจื•ืคื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื‘ืจื™ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ื (ื›ื•ืœื ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข). ื”ืžืงืจื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืื—ื“ (ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื’ืจื ื›ืš), ืื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืงื‘ื™ืœื”.

ื‘. ื”ืื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื–ื• ืื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื™ื•ืช (ืœื›ืื•ืจื”) ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ืฆืืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ?

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืชื•ืฆืืชื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื” โ€“ ืื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ืฉืžื•ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœื” ืจืข ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื”ืจื™ื’ื” (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคื), ืื– ื”ืชื•ืฆืืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื”.

ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืœื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืชื•ืฆืืชื ื™ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืžื•ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืœืžื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœื”.

ื’.ย  ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš โ€“ ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื”?

ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื. ืœืžืฉืœ:

ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืื– ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช ืื›ืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ; ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช to bite the bullet โ€“ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ื•ื’ืžื ื›ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœื›ืช ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช; ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.

ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง.

ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื.

2. Rawls ืžื‘ืกืก ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.

ื. ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ Rawls?

ืžื” ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื ื, ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื). ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืชื•ืขืœืชื โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช ืืช ืชื•ืขืœืชื•/ื” ืฉืœื•/ื” โ€“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื.

ื‘. ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ Rawls ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™? ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง?

ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืžื’ืœื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื• ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื™ื–ื• ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.

ื’.ย  ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš โ€“ ื”ืื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— Rawls ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœื•?

ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ.

ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ Rawls ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื ืชืคื™ืกืช self ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืœืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง; ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจืืœื™ โ€“ ื”ืื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื™ื ื›ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช?

ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืฉื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืจืื•ื™ื”.

ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื Rawls ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ.

3. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื ืกื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง.

ื. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื“ืขืช ื“ื•ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง?

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื "ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื" ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื/ื•ืช ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง.

ื‘. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื“ืขืช ื“ื•ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™? (ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘: ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื“ื•ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜, ืืœื ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื”.)

ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื/ื•ืช ืื™ื ื/ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื/ื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื/ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื›ื–ื”.

ื•ื›ืŸ โ€“ ื“ื•ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ืื ื–ื” ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.

ื’.ย  ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš โ€“ ื”ืื ืฆื•ื“ืง ื“ื•ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™? ืžื“ื•ืข?

ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง (ื•ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื™ ืืฃ ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืœื ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื›ืš).

ืœื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื/ื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง. ื›ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืœืขื™ืœ (ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืœืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ? ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืจื˜ืงื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืคืกื•ืœื”? ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื”, ื•ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘?). ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ืื• ื ื’ื“. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ, ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืœืฆื“ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ.

3.5/5 - (2 votes)

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