ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื – ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”

ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื

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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”

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ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ื ื•ืฉืืขืžื•ื“
ืžื‘ื•ื1
ืคืจืง 1: ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”4
ื. ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”4
ื‘. ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื”4
ื’. ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”5
ื“. ืžื”ื ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื ืœืคืจืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”?6
ืคืจืง 2: ื”ื”ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื9
ื. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”9
ื‘.ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”14
ื’. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”16
ืคืจืง 3:ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ19
ื. ืžื‘ื•ื19
ื‘. ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช19
ื’. ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช20
ื“. ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™22
ื”. ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื25
ื•. ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”26
ื–. ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืœื’ืžืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื”28
ื—. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”30
ื˜. ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜30
ืคืจืง 4: ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืฉื•ื•ื”32
ื. ืžื‘ื•ื32
ื‘. ืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื32
ื’. ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”36
ื“. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืจ38
ืคืจืง 5: ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”40
ืกื™ื›ื•ื45
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”47

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ืžื‘ื•ื

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ืกื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœ"ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”", ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆืŸ. ืœืขื•ืžืชืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืงื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช[1].

ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืจืข ื˜ืจืื•ืžืชื™, ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื”, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืื ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืฉืžื ื ื“ืจืฉืช "ื”ืžืชืช ื—ืกื“" ืืฉืจ ืชืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ.

ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง. ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ื’ื ืœืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื: ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืคืจื ืกื”, ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื, ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืžื” ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืกืคื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืงื”.

ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืจืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืงืžื”. ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ[2].

ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื ื™ื‘ ืชืฉื•ืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืœืคืกื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื. ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœืขืจื•ืš ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ื•ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื•ืืคืช ืืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•, ื•ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™. ื›ืคืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ื” ื™ืชืคืงื“ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื•ืฉืœืช ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ืขื•ื˜ื” ืžืกืš ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื•ื ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืฉืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื ื—ืชื” ืืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžื•ืฆืชื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืื—ืจืช โ€“ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื•ื“ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ืœื•ืงืชื™. ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื” ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื—. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืกืงืชื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื, ืขื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืกืง ื—ื™[3].

ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืงืจื™ืกืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ืœ ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื™ื. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืจืื”[4].

ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžืžืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืช ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืš.

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจืื”. ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื’ืœื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื. ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืจืื”.

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ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™, ืืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืชื™ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืก' ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ โ€“ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ โ€“ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ืืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืœืฆื“ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืžืขืžื“ ื–ื”. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขื ืงืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื, ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืืฆื™ื’ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง ื—ืœื•ืงืชื™ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื”.

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ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื”, ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื›ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื”. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.

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ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืžืฆื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืืžืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžืœื ื˜ืจื ืคื ื™ื™ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™. ื‘ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื•"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืžื ืขืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืžื•"ืž, ืืฉืจ ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.

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ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื™ื•ืฆืข ื”ืกื“ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขื ื™ืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื–ืืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืžืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื. ืžื•ืฆืข ืœืขืจื•ืš ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.

ืคืจืง 1: ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”

ื. ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื”. ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื[5].

ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ื›ืฉืจื•ืช, ืงืจื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื•ืœื”ื™ืชื‘ืข, ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื•.

ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 247(ื) ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช[6], ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคืจืข. ืงืจื™, ื ื›ืกื™ื”ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ, ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืขื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.

ืขืœ ืคื™ 2 ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืกืขื™ืฃ 247 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ืœื ื›ืกื™ื”ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืงื.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื”ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœื”[7]. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื›ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื[8].

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ื‘. ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื” – ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืชืžื ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืขื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืคืจืง, ื”ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืžืคืจืง ืžืžืžืฉ ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืคื•ืจืข ืืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง[9] ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื“ื™ื ื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืกืคื, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 353 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืจืง ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืœืงื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, "ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ" ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคืกืงื™ื ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืฃ ื ื•ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื” ืžืกื•ื’ื•. ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืกืขื™ืฃ 20 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ[10]. ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ "ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช" ืœืคื™ื• ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœืคืจื™ืขืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืชื•ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื ื—ื•ืชื” ืžืžื ื”.

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ืกื“ืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง – ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืก ื”ื™ืจื›ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื“ืœืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื™ื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ ืœื”ืœืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื• ืกื“ืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืขื•ื’ืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง:

  • ื ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืขืœ "ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ" ืขืœ ื ื›ืก ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
  • ื ื•ืฉื” ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื ื•ืฉื”.
  • ื ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื’ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืขื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื ื›ืก ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื, ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“, ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ.
  • ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืงื ื” 66 ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ืคื™ืจื•ืง), ื”ืชืฉืž"ื– 1987.
  • ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืก ื‘ืขืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ.
  • ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 354 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
  • ื ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืขืœืช ืื™ื’ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืขื ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฆืฃ.
  • ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ืจืฉื ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ11ื(2) ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื (ื’ื‘ื™ื”), ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฆืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”.
  • ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.

ื’. ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืœื ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืžืฉื ืคืฉื˜ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60. ื”ืžื’ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืงืžื” ื ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืžื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.

ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืจื›ื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื ื—ืงืง ืคืจืง 11 ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื ื—ืงืง ื—ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื ื—ืงืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืกื• ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ื—ืงืง ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื“ืœืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ. ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืงื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข ืžืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”[11].

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื ืงืœืขื” ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื ื•ืฉื™ื” ืข"ื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื•ืช. ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืจืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื.

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ื“. ืžื”ื ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื ืœืคืจืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”?

ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื•ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืžืงื•ื“ื, ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื ืขื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืžืขืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืขื•ื’ืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื—ื•ืง ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื ืชืŸ ื“ื’ืฉ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

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ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื[12] – ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืจืฆื•ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจืื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื™ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื“[13]:

"ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืกืงืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืง, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื›ื•ืœื•…ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืง ื›ื•ืœื• ืื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืชื™ืงืœืข ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง".

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ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืžืงืจื• โ€“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉืง: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืžื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืชื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืขื™ืกื•ืงื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื•ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืจืง ืœืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื• ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื“. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืข"ืž ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจ, ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืœื ื˜ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืœ ืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

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ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื – ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื ืœืคืจืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื”ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืชื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืžื”ืฉืงืขืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฉื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ืช ื–ื•. ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืจื“[14] ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉื›ื–ื•.

ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘โ€“ืกื’ืœ, ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื”, ื›ื™ ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืฆืข. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื’ืœ[15]:

"ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืจืขื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืฉืชื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื; ืฉื ื™ืช, ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื ืคืจืขื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš/ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืคื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืชืงืžืช".

ย 

ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื – ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื”ืœื™ืš.

  1. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ื ื›ืœืœืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื ื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื— ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™. ืกืขื™ืฃ 354 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขื’ืŸ ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ื–ืืช ืขื“ ืœืชืงืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืืš ื™ืชืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืœื• ืข"ืค ื—ื•ืง ื–ื”.

ย 

ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื•, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื. ืœืฆื“ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืกืคื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™. ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฉื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื•, ืืœื ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื™. ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื (ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช) โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืชื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืจืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื.

  1. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื. ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื โ€“ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื ื›ืก ืžืกื•ื™ื.

ื‘. ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” โ€“ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžื›ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 354 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ืชื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช.

ื’. ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื โ€“ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืคืจืข ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืคืจืขื• ื™ืชืจ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.

  1. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื ืชื— ืžื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ืžื ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืชืงืžืช ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื.
  1. ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” – ืงื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืชืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ืจืคืชืงืื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืœื“ื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื”, ื•ื–ืืช ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืคื™ืจื•ืง.

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ื ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”? ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืจืง ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ืœืืžืฅ ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืืžืฅ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืฆื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉืงื™ืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 11 ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ โ€“ 1999[16].

ืคืจืง 2: ื”ื”ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื

ย 

ื. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”:

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ืœืคืจื˜ ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืื• ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.

ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช (ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื•ื“) ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืงืจื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช (ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“). ืขื™ื’ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื ืงื‘ืœ ื›ื™ ืœืื“ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื”, ื™ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“[17] .

1.ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช[18]

ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืžืื’ื“ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•, ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืื’ื“ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื•ื“.

ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉืชื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืชื•ืคืกืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ืื™ื ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ื™ ืื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.

  1. ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™[19] โ€“ ืœื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื—ืช ืžื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ื›ืื“ื ื™ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ืฉื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื”ืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ื•ืงื ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืงื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™.

ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ื. ืชืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืกืงื” โ€“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ืŸ, ื ื›ืกื™ื ืื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื•ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”. ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœืชื ื•ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ืžืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ืชืœื•ืชื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงืชื ืข"ื™ ืžืขืกื™ืง ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื.

ย ื‘. ื ื•ืฉื” ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™ โ€“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฉื” ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืื•ืจ ืžืก' ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื—ืคื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”. ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืขืกืงื” ื•ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื•"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฉื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืฉืžื• ื ืฉื›ืจ โ€“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™, ื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืฉื›ืจื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœืžืขืกื™ืง ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื•. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื•"ืž ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื ืœืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื—ื“ืœ ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœื•. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื• ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.

  1. ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ื•ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช[20]

ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื˜ืขื ืช ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืคืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืคืš. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืœื•ื™ ื ' ืžืคืงื— ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ[21], ืกืจื‘ ื”ืžืคืงื— ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื•ื•ืขื“ ื ื’ื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื’ื ื” ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืขื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื˜ืขื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื ืช ืขืžื™ืžื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืื•ืœื, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื’ืจื” ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•", ืื•ืชื• ืžืœืื” ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื•"ืž ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืคืจืง 5 ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื ืŸ.

ื˜ืขื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืฉืจ ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืื–ืจื— ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื ื•ืฃ[22] ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืคื™ื” ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืžืŸ ืขืจื›ืช ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ืงืŸ. ื’ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืืœื™ืก ืžื™ืœืจ[23] ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื’ื™ื•ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื•ืจืก ื˜ื™ืก.

ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ื“ืœืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื›ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืข"ื™ ื”ื ืืžืŸ. ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขืžืกื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืง, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ื˜ืขื ืชื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื ืื™ ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืคื™ื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืื–ืจื— ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื˜ืจ ื•ืžื•ืฉืœืš ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื”.

4.ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™

ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื (1948)[24] โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืืฉืจ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื, ืœืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื”, ืœืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืืœื™ืช, ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกืขื™ืฃ 22 ืœื”ื›ืจื–ื”:

"ื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื•ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื›ืื“ื ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•, ื™ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืื•ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”".

ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช[25] โ€“ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืžื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืืžื ื” ื–ื• ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืืฉืจืจื” (ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘) ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช.

ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืื•"ื 32/130, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื•ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื–ื”ื” ื•ืืฃ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•.

ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืœืš ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.

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  1. ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”โ€“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992 ื“ื ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช. ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืกืขื™ืฃ 18 ื‘' ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื, ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืจืžื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืœืงื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•, ื•ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื•ืœื ื ืคืงื“ ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช[26].

ืกืขื™ืฃ 18 ื‘' ื ื”ืคืš ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 3 ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช – 1994, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ืœืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืœ 1994. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืื ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืจืžื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืž-1994 ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืž-1997 ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืœื ืจืง ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืงื“ื ื•ืœืคืชื— ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™ื™ ืคืขื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืคืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช[27].

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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ย โ€“ ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืฉืืœืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.

ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื” โ€“ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื ื’ื–ืจืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื–ืง[28]:

"ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื ื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• โ€“ ืขืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื โ€“ ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื” "ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”", ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื ื•ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื ืžื ื™ืช ืขื ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื ืชื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉ"ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืืœื ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช".. ืชื—ืกื” ืžืขืชื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ื• ืฉืœืš ืขืจืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื”".

ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ' ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[29], ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืข"ืค ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืจืง[30], ืžืก' ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืš ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืจืง ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืื• ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืชื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืจืง ืืฃ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืŸ ืชื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื ืžืืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื”, ืืš ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืื˜ืจื™[31] ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืขื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœื™ื™ืชื•. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืืœื™ ื›ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ[32] ืกื™ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืืฉืชื• ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื›ืกื™, ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืืช. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื• ื•ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืืœื™ื™ื.

ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ – ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื–ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืœื• ืœืจืžืช ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ืจืง ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื›ืš.

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•"ื— ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืœืื•"ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืœ ื’ืจื•ืก[33] ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—, ืฉืœื— ื”ืื•"ื ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœืŸ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื•. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืŸ ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื›ืฉืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ.

ื‘.ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”:

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 3 ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•[34]. ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื•, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจืช ื›ื–ื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื•ื›ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืงืคื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ.

ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจืชืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉืช ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืชืขืจื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ, ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืœื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช, ืฉืžืงื“ืฉืช ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืชืคื™ืกืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื[35].

1.ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช/ื”ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• – ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื•ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช.ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช, ื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืื”), ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช[36].

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืจื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[37], ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›"ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”" ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“, ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื. ื“ื’ื ื–ื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ื”, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ืœื ืชื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื ื›ืก, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืจืช ืืช ืžืจื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื.

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืกืก ื’ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืกื™ื ื’ืจ[38], ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื–ื”, ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืกืง, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื—ืœืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืชื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืืฆืœื• ืขืงื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ืคืชืื•ื, ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื—ืกืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคืจื ืกื”. ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื’ื ื™ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืขื ืงืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“.

ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ืข"ืค ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ โ€“ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื—, ื•ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืจ ืœืžืคืขืœ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืจืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจ, ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื—ื™. ืข"ืค ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืฉืจื•ืื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขืกืง, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื•. ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืฉืงืขืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื›ืก, ื•ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ื•.

ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™, ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืจืฉืช "ืฆืจื™"-ื“ืจื™ืงืก[39] ื‘ื• ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:

ย "… ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ job security, ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช "ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืืœื™, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœย  ืžืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™, ื›ืš ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื›ื™ ืชืงื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉืžืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™: ืœืขื•ื‘ื“-ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ โ€“ ื”ืคืขืœื” ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ, ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ โ€“ ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ, ืœืžืขื‘ื™ื“ โ€“ ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื".

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืฆื™ื,[40] ื”ืกืชืžืš ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื“ืœืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืขื• ื›ื™ ื–ื•:

"ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื•ื ื• ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™".

ื™ื•ื‘ื”ืจ, ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ืชื™ืฉืžืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืชื ื’ืฉ ืขื ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™, ื™ืฉ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืงื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืžื“.

  1. ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ – ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืฆื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง, ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื’ื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•. ืข"ืค ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื—ืก ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื—ื™ืจ, ืœืฆื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืก ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืก' ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื• ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืคืจื ืกืชื.

ืกื™ื ื’ืจ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ืชืคืก ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžืงื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ืืœื ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื˜ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•.

ืข"ืค ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืš ื“ื’ืŸ[41], ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืื“ื ืฉื ื˜ื•ืข ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื—ื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื•, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืจืข, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื•, ืฉืžืกืจื‘ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืžืฆืจืš, ื›ื›ืกืฃ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืกื•ื—ืจ, ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994 ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืฆืจืš. ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ืžื›ืœืœื ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™.

ืžื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืื•ื–ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืคืงื™ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื’ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื›ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืกืก ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื? ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื—ืœืฉืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื” ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื, ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง ื›ื•ืœื•. ืื•ืœื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืœื ืชื™ื’ืจื ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.

ื’. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”:

ืข"ืค ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ื’ืจื•ืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื•ืจืคืช ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื•. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืœืœ "ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช", ืื ื ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—, ืชื’ื“ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขืชื• ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื›ืกืคื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืกืคื. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง[42].

ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช – ืข"ืค ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ืชืฉืืฃ ืœืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืฉืงืขื”. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืื•ืชื” ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืงืกื. ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื’ืจืก ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•[43] (ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 384- 322 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•. ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ื’ื” ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื’'ืจืžื™ ื‘ื ื˜ื”ื,[44] ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืžืก' ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ืช ืžื•ืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜.[45]

ืœืื•ืจ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื’.1 ืขืžื™ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ "ืžืงืกื•ื ื”ืื•ืฉืจ", ื›ืืžืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.

ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื›ืžืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืชืฆืžื— ืœืžืฉืง ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช, ื•ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.

ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง ื—ืœื•ืงืชื™, ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื ืขืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•.

ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื™ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื›ืžืช ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืงืกื•ื ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ. ืคืื•ื–ื ืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืกื•ื ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืžืงืกื•ื ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืงืกื•ื ืฉืืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืงืจื™, ืžืงืกื•ื ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืžืงืกื•ื ื”ืื•ืฉืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ื•[46].

ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืคืจื˜ื•. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”.

ื’.2 ื”ืขื ืงืช ื›ื— ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

ืœื˜ืขื ืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ[47], ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืจืง 4 ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืžืฉืง ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื’ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืฆื“ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 1113 ืœืคืจืง 11 ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืžืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืฆื“ ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืชืงืฃ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืชื• โ€“ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฉืžืข ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื”, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืชื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื•.

ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืชืจืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืืœื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•"ืž ื™ื™ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืžื•"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ืคืจืง 3:ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื. ืžื‘ื•ื

ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ืœืคื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืงื˜ื ื•ืช. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืœื ืคืขื ื ืขืฉื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš[48].

ื‘ืขืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืืœืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืœืคื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื–ื›ื•ื™ืชื™ื”ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืจืžืช ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืง, ื”ื™ื ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื›ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื•ืื•ืœื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ, ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื• ื—ืœื•ืคื”, ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื“ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™. ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื• ืืœื ืจืง ื›ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•[49].

ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื™ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื˜ืจื ื–ื›ื” ืœืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™. ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.

ื‘. ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช[50]

ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ, ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืคืกื™ืงื”, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื–ื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืคืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื”.

ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1986 ืžื•ื ืชื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื•ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื“ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจืง ื—ื“ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืชื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื.

ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื“ื•"ื—,[51] ื›ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช), ื”ืชืฉ"ืŸ โ€“ 1990 (ืœื”ืœืŸ: "ื”ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ")[52]. ืื•ืœื, ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื–ื” ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคืฉืจื” ืื• ืœื”ืกื“ืจ), ื”ืชืฉืก"ื‘ โ€“ 2002[53] (ืœื”ืœืŸ: "ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช"). ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจืืœื™, ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืื• ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ืื•ืœื, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ.

ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›"ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื" ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืœื• ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคืฉืจื” ืื• ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื‘ืชืงื ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืกืคืจื. ืžื›ืืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืคืจื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืœื ืืฃ ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื–ื›ื™ืจ[54].

ื’. ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช

ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื”, ื’ืจืžื” ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืคื™ืจื•ืงื”, ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืงื, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืกืงื™ืจื” ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

1.ื”ืกื“ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื 350 ื•-351 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืกืขื™ืฃ 350 ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื•, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืขื ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืฉื”. ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืฉืืœืช ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืกืจ[55], ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืœื”ืœืŸ.

2.ืงื“ื ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™, ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ ื•ืžืคืจืง ืžืคืขื™ืœ[56] โ€“ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืงื“ื ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™, ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ ื•ืžืคืจืง ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 307(ื‘) ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืง, ื”ื•ื ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื›ื ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื• ืจืง ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื•ืฉ "ืœืฉื ืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”".

ืงื“ื ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื— ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 300 (ื‘) ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™, ื ื”ื’ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœื•ื‘ื ื‘ื’, ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ืงื™ืงืชื™ ืœื›ืš. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” "ืงื“ื ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™" ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืจื—ืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืขื•ืฃ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ[57], ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžื ื™. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื–ื• ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืœื”ืกืžื™ืš ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ ืœืฉืงื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.

ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื“ื ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™, ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ ื•ืžืคืจืง ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืงืžื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืงื“ื ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื›ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 267 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืœื ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง.

ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืœืคื˜ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื. ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื.

3.ื›ื•ื ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื” โ€“ ื›ื•ื ืก ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืชืžื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื›ื— ืื’ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฆืฃ ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื” ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืชื ืื™ื ืœืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื˜ืœื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืข"ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื•ื ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื, ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ื•ื ืก ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“, ืœืจื•ื‘, ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžืคืขืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื•ื›ืจื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›"ืขืกืง ื—ื™" ืขื“ ืœืžื›ื™ืจืชื”.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื›ืกื™ื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ื›ื•ื ืก ื‘ื•ื ื”" ื”ืคื•ืขืœ "ืœืงื™ืžื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ืคื™ื— ื‘ื” ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื”"[58]. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื›ื•ื ืก ื‘ื•ื ื” ืื• ืžืคืจืง ื‘ื•ื ื”. ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื ืก ืื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืืœื ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื” ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื ืœืฉื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ื— ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘.

4.ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื•ืชืœื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ โ€“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื ืงืœืขื” ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื•ืชืœื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืขืกืง ื—ื™ ื•ื ืžื ืขืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง.

ืื•ืœื, ื’ื ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืก' ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืขืฉื•ื™ ื ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืกืขื“ ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืกืขื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ื ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง.

ย 

ื“. ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™

ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” – ืฉืืœืช ืชื•ืงืคื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื, ื•ื ื’ื–ืจืชย  ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืืœื™ื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืื• ื”ื‘ืจืื”, ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•"ืž ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืกืงืชื ื•ื ืคื’ืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื˜ืจื ื—ื™ืกื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืขืฉื” ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคืงื™ืข ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ "ื”ืคืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช[59].

ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื ืฆื• ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ื. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขืžืง ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” (ื”ืžืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืกื›ื ืช ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”) ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื“ืœื”.

ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืฆื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืœื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ. ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื” ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื” ื›ืืœ ื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกื•ืงื”[60]. ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ืœื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื” ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืจ[61], ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืžืคืจืง ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืกืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืกืงืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืš ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ืœื•ืงืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืจืง ืžื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื. ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ื—ืคืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื“ืœืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ, ื•ืžื™ืžืœื ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืฉ.

ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ โ€“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืžืžื ื” ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื• ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื™ืคืงืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืจืง ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื™ืฉ ย ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื.

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื ' ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ[62] ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื ื™ื›ื• ืžืฉื›ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ืจื ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช:

"ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ืชื, ื•ื›ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืžืžื ื”. ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื”ืžืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ื”. ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงืฉืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืžื•ื ื• ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื.. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ืžืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื‘ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”".

ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืคืกื™ืงื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืงื™ืข ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืงืจื™, ืขืงื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื ื›ืจืชื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.

ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื• ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ืจืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืžื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืฆื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ.

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืืœ ืขืœ[63], ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืžืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœื›ืจื™ืชืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžื ื™. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง, ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืคืงืข ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžื ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ืื•ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช.

ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”[64] โ€“ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืคื˜ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืžื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืง ื”ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืกื•ืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืง ื•ืืฃ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืขืจื›ืืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืœืฆื“ ืฉื ืคื’ืข. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื™ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™, ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ โ€“ ืกืขื™ืฃ 243ื›ื–(ื') ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:

"ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืื• ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืงื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชืงืคื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ืื• ื”ืกื“ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™".

ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ืฉืงื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื”ืกื“ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื•ื‘ื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• "ืื ื ื•ื›ื— ื›ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช" (ืก"ืง ื‘').

ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืก"ืง ื“', ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’, ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•"ืž ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.

ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืฉืงื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœื ื™ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืฆื•ื“ืง, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื”. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืจืขื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ืจืฉืื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื–ื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ืขืœื™ื• ืชื ืื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 11 ืœื—ื•ืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื.

ื”. ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื

ย 

ื”.1 ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืคื™ืจื•ืงืกืขื™ืฃ 4 ืœื—ื•ืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื[65] ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ืš ื•ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:

"ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื ืคืกืงื” ืžื—ืžืช ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ืื• ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื•ื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืคื™ืจื•ืงื• ืื• ืžื—ื™ืงืชื•, ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืคื•ื˜ืจ".

ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ โ€“ ืื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืคืกืงื” ืžื—ืžืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ืื– ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืžืคื•ื˜ืจ.

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืœื ืฆืจ โ€“ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืข"ืž[66], ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื. ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื ื•ืกื—ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 4 ืœื—ื•ืง ืœืขื™ืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื’ืจืกื” ื›ื™ ืžื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื ืงืฅ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื ืคืกืงื” ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง.

ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ืฆื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ืื ื”ืžืคืจืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ืืœืืžืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขืกืง ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืคืจืง.

ื”.2 ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื—ืจ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคื•ื˜ืจื•.

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืคืœื“ื”[67] ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงืคืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช (ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงืคืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืคื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืงืคืื” ื›ืืœ "ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง" ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ื”ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง.

ย 

ืกืขื™ืฃ 4 ืœื—ื•ืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืื•ืžืฅ ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืชืงืžืช. ืžื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆื• ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื, ื–ืืช ืืฃ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉืงื. ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื“ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ืžืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืœื ืื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื–ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื.

ื•. ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”

ย 

ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช, ืœื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข, ืœื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.

ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” – ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 354 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ. ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืจืง ืœืฉืœื ืžื™ื“, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืขื•ื ื ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง[68]. ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฆืฃ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง.

ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืขืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืื• ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ. ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืขื ืง ืœืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืกื›ื•ื ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื›ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืกื›ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 10,500โ‚ช.

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”" ืืœื ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ื—ื’ื™ื, ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืงื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื“ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื“ื™ื ื ื›ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื—ื•ืง ื“ืžื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืกืขื™ืฃ 27 ืœื—ื•ืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ย ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื•ืชื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ' ืœื‘ื ื” ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ื‘,[69] ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื• ืชืžื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืžื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืขืงื™ืคื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืš ืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ืขื•ื“ ื ืงื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื›ืจื•, ื–ื›ืื™ ืœ"ืฉื›ืจ ืจืื•ื™", ืงืจื™, ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืคืขืœ ืื• ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืขื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[70].

ื—ื•ื‘ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” โ€“ ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ื”ื—ืœื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ).ย  ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืงืจื™, ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืกื›ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉืœ 31,500โ‚ช.

ย 

ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืฉื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื›ืจ โ€“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 354(ื‘) ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืฉื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืื• ืฉื›ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื–ื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื›ืจื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉื ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืกืงืชื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื, ืืš ื˜ืจื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ืื•ืœื, ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”[71].

ย 

ื—ื•ื‘ ืœืงื•ืคืช ื’ืžืœ ื›ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” โ€“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 28(2) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ[72], ืœืงื•ืคืช ื’ืžืœ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืœื ื”. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื™ืค ื”ื•ืœื ื“ โ€“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืข"ืž[73], ืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืžืœ ืชื‘ืขื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื ื•ื›ื” ืžืฉื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืฉื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื• ืœืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืžืœ ืืš ืœื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชื‘ืข ืข"ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชื‘ืข ืข"ื™ ื”ืงื•ืคื”. ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื•ืคื” ืžื›ืกืคื• ื”ื•ื. ืืœื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.

ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื›ื‘ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืขื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื›ื‘ ื ื›ืก ื›ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘, ืขื“ ืฉื™ืกื•ืœืง ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 11 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ[74]. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ื›ืก ืืฉืจ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื•ืฉื” ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืขื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื.

ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ืขื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืกื“ื™ื˜ืง[75] ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืคืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ื“ืœืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื›ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืขื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™" ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืžืงืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื–ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ืขื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“" ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืก. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ "ืขื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“".

ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื›ื‘, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืจื“ื’ืืจื“[76], ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ืข"ืค ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: 1) ืื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื•ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืชื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“-ืžืขื‘ื™ื“, ื•ื”ืฉืชืงืคื• ื‘ืฉื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ืคื™ืคื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื•ื•ื” "ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜" ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื. 2) ืื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื›ืก ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืชื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช.

ืžื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื”ื ื” ืžืขื™ื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ืืš ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืงื™ืžื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืžืื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขืกืงืชื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ื–ื›ื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.

ื–. ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืœื’ืžืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื”

ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื•ืืฃ ืžืขืœ ืœืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ืœืคื™ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืงืจืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1975 ืœื—ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™[77], ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ืฃ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื• ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื’ืžืœ. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื—ืœ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง.

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืขื•ื‘ื“", ืืœื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื• ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืจ ืื“ื ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื• ืœืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—. ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื "ืœ.

ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื’ืžืœื” ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืชืงืจื” ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืžืฉืง ื›ืคื•ืœ ืขืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ื 1.1.2011 ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืžืœื” ื”ื•ื 106,054 โ‚ช.

ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืœื” โ€“ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื• ืื•ืฉืจื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืข"ื™ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืืœื ืขื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื.

ื”ืื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื’ืžืœื” ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™? ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื•ื•ืจ ื ' ืคืื•ืืจืœื™ื™ืŸ[78] ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.ย  ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ื—ืชื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ืขื• ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื•ื–ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ื. ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืจืง ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื“ืจืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืขืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืžื ื”ืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื ื˜ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“[79].

ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชืงื•ื ืœื”ื ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืœื’ืžืœื” ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื’ืžืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื—ื•ื‘", ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืจืง. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืคืจืง ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืชืงืจื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืกื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 45 ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช.

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ[80] ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ื™ ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืคืจืง. ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื•ืžื ื ืข"ืค ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื•ืงื ื™ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืคืจืง ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื”ืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจ ืžื˜ืจืช ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืžื˜ืจืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืื™ื–ื“ื•ืจืคืจ[81], ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืืœืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉืชืง ืื ื ืจืื” ืœื• ื›ื™ ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื•ืžืจืžื”.

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื’ืžืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ืžืคืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื“ื ืืจ ื‘ืข"ืž[82] ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืคื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืžืคืจืง ืขื“ ืœืชืงืจืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ื›ืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืžืขืœ ืชืงืจืช ื”ื’ืžืœื” ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื’ื ื™ื—ื“ (137,554โ‚ช) ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ "ืจื’ื™ืœ". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 192 ืœื—ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ืื ื”ืžืคืจืง ืœื ืฉื™ืœื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืืœื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืคืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื›ื ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.

ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื, ืืžื ื ื‘ืกื™ื™ื’ ืœืคื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื’ืžืœื” ืขืงื‘ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื’ืžืœื” ืžื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง.

ื—. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[83]

ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื›ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื›ืจื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื–ืง ืœืขื™ืœ, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืจ, ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืื• ืฉืžื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืงื˜ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื” ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœืžืขื˜ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฆื• ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืืœื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื.

ืžืขืžื“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžืขืžื“ื”, ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ "ืžื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข" ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืื ื”ืฉืงื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืช ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืื–ื™ ืจืฉืื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ. ืื•ืœื, ืœื ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืฉืงื ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืงื ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ืžื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื•ืงืฆื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•"ืž 7 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ ื”ืฉืงื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ.

ื˜. ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜

ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง – ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 267 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืื•ืกืจืช ื”ื’ืฉืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœื” ืžืคืจืง ื–ืžื ื™ ืื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืฆื• ืœืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ื‘ืœื ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ื“ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืข"ืค ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” – ื”ืชืฉื›"ื˜ 1969[84], ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื™ืฉื ื” ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“-ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืื•ืœื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ืœื•ืงืชื™, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืคืชื™ื—ืชืŸ ืื• ื”ืžืฉืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• "ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื–ื•ื›ื”"[85]. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืชืชืงื‘ืœื ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง, ืข"ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื.

ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ื”ื‘ืจืืชื” ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืื™ื–ื•ื“ื•ืจืคืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืžื™ืœืื” ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช "ืขื•ื‘ื“". ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ืงื™ืกืœื•ืง ื ' ื.ื‘ ืงื™ืกืœื•ืง ื‘ืข"ืž[86], ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ืจื ืคื™ืจื•ืงื” ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื–ื• ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื’ืžืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.

ืคืจืง 4: ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืฉื•ื•ื”

ื. ืžื‘ื•ื

ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ืœืคื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืœ ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื• ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืœื ื•ืฉื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื•ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืื™ื ื” ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง, ืืœื ืœืฉืงืžื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื ืœืคืชืจื•ื ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืขืกืง ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”[87].

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื. ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ื ื•ืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืœื. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ 2 ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1949 ื‘ืืžื ื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ (ืžืก' 95)[88]. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื” ืงืจืŸ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

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ื‘. ืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื

ื‘.1 ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ โ€“ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ืจืช ื‘ืืžื ื” ืžืก' 173. ื”ืืžื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ืืžื ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขื ืงืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ืจ.

ย 

ื‘.2 ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืฆ'ืจื˜ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1961 ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืจื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ืจ ื”ื•ืœื, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื’, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช[89].

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1980 ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ืื™ืžืฆื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื”[90] ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ. ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืชืฉืœื•ื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืžื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข (ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช). ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจืฉืื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืชืงืจื” ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืฉืœื•ื ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืžืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข. ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช.

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ื‘.3 ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘[91]

ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืชื— ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 365 (A) ืœืงื•ื“ ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ[92], ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืงื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื. ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื• ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘. ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื” ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื. ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื–ื•, ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืงื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ 1113[93].

ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงืช ืกืขื™ืฃ 1113 ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ืกืงื•[94]. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืงืจื” ื ื“ื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ืกืงื• ืฉื—ืชืžื” ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™. ื‘ื™ืœื™ื“ืกืงื• ืคื ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืข"ืค ืกืขื™ืฃ 365 A)ื‚( ืœืงื•ื“. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืงื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช NRLA [95] ย ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืข"ืค ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•"ืž ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื•ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื. ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื“ืจืš ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™. ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืจ "ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”".

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื•, ืขืœื” ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืชืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืง 11 ืœืงื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืชื• ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” "ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”".

ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 1113:

  • ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืชืงืฃ – ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื. ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืžื•ืชืจืช ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื.
  • ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆืจ ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉืงื ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
  • ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืจืงืข ื ื•ื—ื” ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ื— โ€“ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื•ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ. ืข"ืค ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•"ืž ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ื— ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.

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ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืฆื“ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ โ€“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื•"ืž ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื”ื, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•"ืž.

ืกืขื™ืฃ 1113 ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื•ืคื ื™ื: 1) ืฉืงื ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื. ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืชื™ื“ื—ื” ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืœืœื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืงืช, ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™. 2) ืข"ืค ืกืขื™ืฃ A1(b) ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงื ืœืกืคืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงื. 3) ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ A1(b), ื”ืžื•"ืž ื™ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

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ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ โ€“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ (2)(b) ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืชื•ื ืœื‘ ื›ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืืžืฅ ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื ื‘ืข ืžื”ืžื•"ืž.

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ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช: ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, "ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ืžื’ืžืชื• ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื"[96].

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ื‘.4 ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™[97] โ€“ ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื•ืœืฉ.[98] ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 4(1)(a) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ืœื ืืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื”. ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•.

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ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง (ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“) โ€“ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืกืงืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืช ืฆื• ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ื, ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื–ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืงื‘ ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืกื™ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืฆ'ืคืžืŸ[99] ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ืคืกืงืช ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืœืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช RE NEMAN LTD. RAPHAELS CLAIM[100], ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ื›ืื™ ื’ื ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ืจื ืคืงื™ืขืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

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ื’ืจื”ื[101] ื’ื•ืจืก ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ืขืกืงืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืžืคืจืง ืžืขืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง.

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ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ืจืื” โ€“ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืจืฉืื™ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืง. ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืง ืขืœ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ืื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœืืžืฅ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืข"ืค ื—ื•ื–ื” ื–ื” ื™ื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœื ื™ืืžืฅ ื—ื•ื–ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื–ื™ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื”ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื ื• ืžืžืขืžื“ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—, ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—.

ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื™ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช Paramount Airways[102] ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื ืืžืŸ ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื•"ืž ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื).

ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืฆื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื ื” ืคื—ื•ืชื”. ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื‘ืจืื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”, ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’, ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™, ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื›ืื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ื’. ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”[103] โ€“ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงืชืŸ ื™ื—ืก ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื—ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ – ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืื• ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.

ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช, ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื“ืžื™ ืžื—ืœื”, ื“ืžื™ ืœื™ื“ื”[104].

ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื”:

  • ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” โ€“ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื•ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื—ืœื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ืชืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
  • ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” โ€“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืœืชืงืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงืจื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื“ื“ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืชืงืจื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948 ืชืงืจื” ืฉืœ 500$ (ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ 6-7 ื™ืžื™ื) ื•ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื” ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช.

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ื”ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืžืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื• ืžื—ืœืง ืžื ื›ืกื™ื•?[105] ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžื ื›ืกื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆืจืคืช, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื“ืœื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื” ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืขื ืง ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื›ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืกื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืœื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“.

ย 

ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื โ€“ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขื ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืก ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื“. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง, ืœืžืฉืœ ืื•ืžืฅ ื‘-1969 ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืคื™ื• ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืžืขื˜ ื–ื›ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื[106].

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ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช[107] ย – ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจืืช "Super Preference". ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืœื ืืฃ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืชื•ื ื™ืก ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ 15 ื™ื•ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื, 30 ื™ื•ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื•-90 ื™ื•ื ืœืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืกื—ืจ. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ, ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,[108] ื™ืฉื ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœื ืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”.

ื™ืฉื ื 2 ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช: 1) ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง. 2) ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ, ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื•ืกืคืจื“, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื”ื• ื ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 1986 ืคืจืกื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืกืงืจ ืฉืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื• ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื[109]. ืžื”ืกืงืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจื‘. ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื”ื™ื• 30,000-40,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื ืฉื•ืœืžื• ื•ืฉื”ืคืกื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœ-4,000,000 ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜. ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื˜ืจื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘-1978, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืก ื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื›-1.4% ืžืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืจืง 17% ืžื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื ืคืจืขื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70.

ืžืŸ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืกื“ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื”ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœื”ื ื–ื›ืื™ื. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื•"ืž ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™.

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ื“. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืจ[110] – ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืก' ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจืง 3 ืœืขื™ืœ, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืข"ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื— ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืžืžืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.

ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืžื ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื›ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื.

ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืžืื™ื, ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื ืžืœ ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืชื. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืชื, ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœื ื—ืœื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืžืคืขืœื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืงืœื•ืฉ[111].

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ืื•ืžืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื 3 ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช[112]:

  1. ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื•ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืื• ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
  2. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœืฉืœื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืคื•ืฉื˜ ืจื’ืœ ืื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชืคืจืง. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”.
  3. ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช, ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืฉืœื. ื›ืš ื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ืงืจืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœืžืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื ืกื’ืจ ื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืื• ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“.

ย 

ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ืœืžื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื•ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื— ืงืจื ื•ืช ืคื ืกื™ื” ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืคืจืฉื•.

ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœืชืงืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื›ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“.

ย 

ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช[113] โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืื• ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืื• ื”ืžืคืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกืžืš ืœืคื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืœื”ื. ืžืกืžืš ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืจืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืคืจืง ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš, ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœื›ืœืœ ืœืคื™ื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื™ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง.

ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืžืขื ื” ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืกื“ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืขื ืงืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืžืงืจืŸ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•"ืž ืงืฉื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืงืจืŸ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืคื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืื• ืืฃ ืžืชืคื˜ืจื™ื ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ืžืœื” ืžืงืจืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช.

ืคืจืง 5: ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”

ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืก' ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืœื”ืœืŸ:

  1. ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช

ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœืฆื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”.

  1. ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ื ื”[114]

ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืกืง ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆืื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ื ืข"ืค ื“ื™ืŸ ืื• ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ืืฉืจ ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ืžืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื—ืœืง ืžื ื›ืกื™ื”, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืชืงืžืช.

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื”, ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืชืงืžืช. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื• ืจืง ืœื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื›ื•ื—ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื.

ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืขืจืขืจ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื ืชื— ื‘ืขื•ื’ื”. ืืžื ื ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืืฉืจืื™ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืš ืชืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืจืคืชืงืื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.[115] ื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

  1. ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”[116]

ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื•"ืž ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืกื“ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื›ื— ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•.

ืœื”ืœืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ: ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื“ืœืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ. ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื‘ื ืง ืืš ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจื• ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง ื—ืœื•ืงืชื™ ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืืš ื•ืจืง ืื ืื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืืœื• ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื›ืกืคื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™.

ืœื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื— ื•ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•, ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžื™ื™ื’ืข.

ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืงืจื™ืกื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขืžื“ืช ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœื• ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื— ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—, ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื—ืœืฉ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื”.

ื›ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 350 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืฆื“ ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืงืจื™ ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืžื ื™ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงื•ื, ืื™ื ื ืฆื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืจื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื•ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉืงื ืื™ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืฆื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืก' ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืœื”ืœืŸ:

  • ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืื• ืœื”ืงืคืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืงืžื”. ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
  • ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื”. ื–ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ื•ืœื ื™ืชืžืงื“ ืจืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื.
  • ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืคืฉืจื” ืื• ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืฆื“ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื›ื ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
  1. ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™

4.ื ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™[117]ื”ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืขื’ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื•"ืž (ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื˜ืœื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžืจื’ืข ื›ื ื™ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคืจืขื•ืŸ). ืžื”ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืจืฉืื™ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืืฉืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™.

ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืคืจืฆื“ื•ืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืจืง ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืœืื•ืจ ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ "ืœืœื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืงืช". ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ื›ื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื“ื›ื ื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืข ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืืฉืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™. ืžืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื’ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืคืขืจ ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœื ื™ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื "ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืืœื™ืช" ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืกื“ืจ, ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ื–ืืช ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืชืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” (ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™).

4.ื‘ ืžืขืžื“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’[118] – ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืžื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื•, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ย ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ ืœืžื•"ืž, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื.

4.ื’ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” – ื”ื•ื›ืจื” ื›ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืกื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื—"ื™ ื›ืื•"ื—. ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืชื•ืงืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืงื™ื•ื ืžืกื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจืจื•ืช, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ. ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืžื•ืฆืข ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืžืก' ืžื™ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ื‘ืขืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื•"ืž ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื. ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืื• ื”ืฉื‘ืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื—ื“ืฉ.

4.ื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ[119] โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืชื•ื ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’.

  1. ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”[120]

ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขืกืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืžื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™. ื”ื’ื ื” ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื•"ืž ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื“ืฉ.

ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืงื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจืขื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 11 ืœื—ื•ืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ื›ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื ืงื˜ืขืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืจืื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื”, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื›ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื.

5.ื ื’ืžืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ย  – ืกืขื™ืฃ 5 ืœืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืฆื• ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืื• ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื’ืžืœื” ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืžืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืžืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื›-10 ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืงืจืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ืžืœืื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืฆืข ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืงืจื” ื–ื•.

ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ืžืœื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื”. ื’ืžืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•.

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื•ืฆืข ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื›ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืืช ื—ืœืงื ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืื•ืœื, ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื•"ืž ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืกื›ื ื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื. ื”ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืืžื ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืžื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืœืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืžื˜ื™ืœ ื ื˜ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™.

5.ื‘ ื”ืขืจื›ืื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื – ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 40 ืœื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,[121] ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™. ืœืื•ืจ ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื›ืื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืชืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื™ื”"ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืชื•ืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื•. ื›ืš ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืื“ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื•ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืง ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ืคื•ืขืœ ืข"ืค ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืžื•ืกื“ืจ ื–ื”, ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ืžื” ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืชื•ืขืœืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืžืขืžื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™, ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขืกืงืชื•. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื— ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืื• "ืžืขื™ืŸ" ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื—ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ ืื• ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืงื™.

ืžืขืžื“ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ. ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ืขืœ- ื—ื•ืงื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ื“, ืืš ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”.

ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื—ื“- ืฆื“ื“ื™, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ืขื“ืคืช ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื•ื”ื ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“. ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืคืจืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ ืืฃ ื ื•ืฉื” ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ื. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื’ื ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืจื’ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื•[122].

ืกื“ืจ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื“ืœืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžืขืžื“ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืžืŸ. ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื”. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื”ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืืฉืจ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืฆืข ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’.

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ. ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื— ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืกื— ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืจืง ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืžืžืฆื”, ืืฉืจ ืชืื–ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืชืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•[123].

ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ืœืœื™: ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืœื• ืœืจืžื” ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจืง ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื›ืš. ืื ื™ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™, ืชืฉืคื™ืข ื”ื›ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืงื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขื ืงืช ืžืขืžื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”[124].

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”

ื) ืกืคืจื™ื:

  1. ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืข"ืž, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003).
  1. ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•, ืืชื™ืงื” โ€“ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื ื™ืงื•ืžืื›ื•ืก (ืชืจื’ื ื™.ื’ ืœื˜ื™ื‘ืก, ืฉื•ืงืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1985).
  2. ื' ืคืจื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื”, ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืชืฉื "ื“ โ€“ 1993, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ืข"ืฉ ืกืืงืจ, ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื).
  3. ืจ' ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืชืฉื "ื˜).
  4. ืจ' ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืชืฉื "ื— โ€“ 1998, ื›ืจืš ื').
  5. ื—' ื”ืจื“ื•ืฃ, "ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื", ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื (ืชืฉืž"ื—).
  6. Bentham, A Fragment on Government, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1988, 3..
  7. Gross Issues and Questions on Israel's Combined Initial and second Report Concerning the Implementation of the United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Israel,1997).
  8. Blanpain, International Encyclopedia for Labor Law and Industrial Relation, 10-CoE
  9. International Labor office, The Protection of Workers' Claim in the Event of the Employers Insolvency (Geneva, ed. By Yemin &A.S Bronstein, 1991)

ื‘) ืžืืžืจื™ื:

  1. ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื' ื ื•ืจื™, "ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืœืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 113 ืœืคืจืง 11 ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™" ืžืื–ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ (ืชืฉืก"ื โ€“ ืชืฉืก"ื‘) 245.
  2. ื”' ื‘ืจ-ืžื•ืจ, "ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื", ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื” (ืชืฉื "ื” 1995) 47.
  3. ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื' (ืชืฉืก"ื‘) 148.
  4. ื' ื•ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื“, "ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”" ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื›"ื˜ (ืชืฉื "ื) 113.
  5. ื' ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื’ืœ, "ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช", ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื˜ื– (ืชืฉื "ื‘) 268.
  6. ื’' ืžื•ื ื“ืœืง, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ: ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื" ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–' (ืชืฉื "ื˜) 65.
  7. ืจ' ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, "ื”ืขืกืงืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขืช ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืกื™ืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ", ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื', 9.
  8. ื' ื‘ืจืง, "ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช", ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื (ืชืฉื "ื“ โ€“ 1994) 271.
  9. ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™", ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื— (ืชืฉืก"ื) ืขืž' 127.
  10. ื—' ื“ื’ืŸ, "ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช" ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื› (ืชืฉื "ื•) 45.
  11. ื™' ื‘ื”ื˜, "ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœื•ืช" ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื– (ืชืฉืž"ื˜) 221.
  12. ื—' ื”ืจื“ื•ืฃ "ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช โ€“ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช" ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™"ื‘ (ืชืฉืž"ื’) 472.
  13. A Posner "The Ethical and Political Basis of Efficiency Norm in Common Law Adjudication" 8 Hofstra L. Rev. (1980) 487.
  14. W. Singer "The Reliance Interest in Property" 40(3) Stanford L. Rev. (1988) 611.
  15. G Baird "The Uneasy Casa for Corporate Reorganizations 15, J. of Legal Stud. (1986)127.
  16. B Graham, "The effect of Liquidation on Contracts of Service" 15 M.L.R (1952) 48.

ย 

ื’) ืคืกื™ืงื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช:

  1. ืข"ื 347/62 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืžืคืจืง "ืคืœืจื•ื“" (ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง), ืค"ื“ ื™"ื– 399, 409.
  2. ื‘ื’"ืฆ 153/83 ืœื•ื™ ื ' ืžืคืงื— ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืค"ื“ ืœื—(2) 393.
  3. ื‘ื’"ืฆ 205/94 ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื ื•ืฃ ื ' ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืค"ืข ื ื 19.
  4. ื‘ื’"ืฆ 4541/94 ืืœื™ืก ืžื™ืœืจ ื ' ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืค"ื“ ืžื˜(4) 94.
  5. ื‘ื’"ืฆ 1074/93 ื‘ื–ืง ื ' ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื—', ืค"ืฉ ืžื˜(2) 485, ื‘ืขืž' 497.
  6. ื‘ื’"ืฆ 7029/95 ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ' ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืค"ื“ ื ื(2) 63.
  7. ื‘ื’"ืฆ 161/94 ืื˜ืจื™ ื ' ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืจืš ืœื” 702.
  8. ืข"ื 7038/93 ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื ' ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ, ืชืงื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ 95(3) 551.
  9. ื“ื‘ืข ืœื’/9-3 "ืฆืจื™"-ื“ืจื™ืงืก ืคื“"ืข ื“ 477.
  10. ืขืกืง 400024/98 ื”ืกืชื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” โ€“ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื โ€“ ืฆื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืข"ืž ืคื“"ืข ืœื• 97.
  11. ืข"ื 272/83 ืžืขื•ืฃ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืค"ื“ ืœ"ื˜ (3) 561.
  12. ื”ืž' (ื™-ื) 2328/85 588/80 ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ืื—' ื ' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ืื—', ืค"ืž ืชืฉืž"ื˜ 27(2), ื‘ืขืž' 31.
  13. ืช"ื (ืชื) 1691/56 ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื ' ืคืœืก ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื, ืค"ืž ื™"ื˜(ืช) 25.
  14. ืช"ื (ืช"ื) 2737/85, 2471, ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื ' ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืค"ืž ืชืฉื "ื• (525).
  15. ืช"ื (ื™-ื) 1611/82 ืืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื, 167, 195.
  16. ื“ื‘"ืข ืœ3 -22/ืœื ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื›ื™ื, ืคื“"ืข ื‘ 169.
  17. ืคืฉ"ืจ (ืช"ื) 224/00 ืžืคืขืœื™ ืคืœื“ื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ื ื™ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ (ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื), ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื™ื•ื 28.11.00.
  18. ื“ื‘"ืข ืœ"ื— 146-0 ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ โ€“ ืœื‘ื ื” ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ื‘, ืคื“"ืข ื™ 271.
  19. ืข"ื 148/68 ื›ื•ื ืก ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื ' ื”ื™ืค ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืจ โ€“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž, ืค"ื“ ื›ื”(2) 446.
  20. ืคืฉ"ืจ (ืช"ื) 1001/00 ืจื•"ื— ืืคืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉื™, ื›ื•ื ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื“ื™ื˜ืง ื ' ืื•ืจื” ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืชืง-ืžื— 2002(1) 43378.
  21. ืคืฉ"ืจ (ืช"ื) 1268/01, ื‘ืฉ"ื 24584/01 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืจื“ื’ืืจื“ ื ' ืจื“ื’ืืจื“ ื‘ืข"ืž, ืชืง- ืžื— 2002(1) 6862.
  22. ืคืฉ"ืจ (ืช"ื) 3/96, ื‘ืฉ"ื 21042/01 ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื•ื•ืจ ื ' ืคืื•ืืจืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืชืง- ืžื— 2002(1) 4004.
  23. ืข"ืข ืœื”3/73– ื’ื™ืกื•ืŸ- ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž, ืคื“"ืข ื– 293.
  24. ืคืฉ"ืจ (ื™-ื) 85/93, ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ' ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž (ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง), ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“, ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื›ืจืš ืœื‘(2) 623.
  25. ืคืฉ"ืจ (ืช"ื) 66/98 ื‘ืฉ"ื 8087/01 ืื™ื–ื“ื•ืจืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื—' ื ' ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืื—', ืชืง-ืžื— 2001(2) 22531.
  26. ืช"ื 2769/89 ื›ืฅ ื ' ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื).
  27. ืข"ื‘ 2427/98 ืžื™ื›ืœ ืงื™ืกืœื•ืง ื•ืื—' ื ' ื.ื‘ ืงื™ืกืœื•ืง ื‘ืข"ืž ืชืง-ืขื‘ 2001(1) 1368.

ื“) ืคืกื™ืงื” ื–ืจื”:

  1. NLRB V. Bildisco & Bildisco, 465 U.S. 513, 523, 104 S.Ct. 1188, 1149, 79 L.E.d.2d 482, 493 (C.B.C. 2d 1219, 1226) 1984.
  2. In Re General Stock Company โ€“ Chapman's Case (1866)1 LR Eq. 346.
  3. In Re R.S Newman Ltd., Raphael's Claim, (1916) 2 ch. 309
  1. Re Paramount Airways Ltd (No. 3) (1993) BBC 172.
  2. Strauder v. West Virginia. 100 US 303 (1880)
  3. Powell v. Alabama. 287 US 45 (1932)
  4. United States V. Carolene Products Co. 304 U.S. 144, 152-153 n.4 (1938)

ย 

ื”) ื—ืงื™ืงื”:

  1. ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ), ื”ืชืฉืž"ื’ โ€“ 1983, ื "ื— ืชืฉืž"ื’ 716.
  2. ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ (ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ), ื”ืชืฉ"ื – 1980, ื“ืž"ื™ [ื "ื—] 34.
  3. ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ 1999, ืก"ื— ืชืฉื "ื˜ 1711.
  4. ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•, ืก"ื— ืชืฉื "ื‘, 150.
  5. ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช), ื”ืชืฉื "ื” โ€“ 1995.
  6. ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคืฉืจื” ืื• ืœื”ืกื“ืจ), ื”ืชืฉืก"ื‘ โ€“ 2002, ืง"ืช ืชืฉืก"ื‘, 868.
  7. ื—ื•ืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ืชืฉื "ื’ โ€“ 1963 ืก"ื— 404, ื”ืชืฉื›"ื’ (16.8.1963), ืขืž' 136.
  8. ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ืคื™ืจื•ืง), ืชืฉืž"ื– โ€“ 187, ืง"ืช 5028.
  9. ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ, ืชืฉื™"ื— โ€“ 1958, ืก"ื— 247.
  10. ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ืชืฉืœ"ื โ€“ 1971, ืก"ื— 636.
  11. ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ [ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘], ืชืฉื "ื” โ€“ 1995, ืก"ื— 1522.
  12. ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” – ื”ืชืฉื›"ื˜ 1969, ืก"ื— 533.
  13. ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ [ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘], ืชืฉืž"ื“ -1984.
  14. Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-898, 92 Stat. 2549, codified as 11 U.S.C 37 (1982) .
  15. Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 283/23, 28 Oct. 1980.
  16. Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984, Pub.L.No 98-353, 98 Stat 391 (1984) (BAFJA).
  17. National Labor Relation Act- 8 (d)
  18. Federal Labor Act, 1969,s.113

ื•) ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช:

  1. The universal Declaration of Human Rights, Adopted by UN General Assembly Resolution 217A (III) of 10 December 1948.
  2. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, G.A. res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N.GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 49, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3, entered into force Jan. 3, 1976.
  3. Protection of Wages Convention, 1949, (No. 95)
  4. ILO, Governing Body DocumentB 234/2/1, 234TH Session, Geneva 17-21 Nov.1986
  5. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื“ื•"ื— ืžืก' 1, ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (22.1.99).

[1] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 17.

[2] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื' ื ื•ืจื™, "ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืœืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 113 ืœืคืจืง 11 ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™" ืžืื–ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ (ืชืฉืก"ื โ€“ ืชืฉืก"ื‘) 246.

[3] ื”' ื‘ืจ-ืžื•ืจ "ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื", ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื” (ืชืฉื "ื” 1995) 49.

[4] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื' (ืชืฉืก"ื‘) ืขืž' 148.

[5] ื”' ื‘ืจ-ืžื•ืจ, "ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื", ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื” (ืชืฉื "ื” 1995) 49.

[6] ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ), ื”ืชืฉืž"ื’ โ€“ 1983, ื "ื— ืชืฉืž"ื’ 716

[7] ืข"ื 347/62 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ืžืคืจืง "ืคืœืจื•ื“" (ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง), ืค"ื“ ื™"ื– 399, 409.

[8] ื”' ื‘ืจ-ืžื•ืจ, "ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื", ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื” (ืชืฉื "ื” 1995) 55.

[9] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), "ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช", ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 205.

[10] ื”ืชืฉ"ื 1980, ื“ืž"ื™ [ื "ื—] 34.

[11] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), "ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช", ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 20.

[12] ืฉื, ืขืž' 30.

[13] ื' ื•ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื“ "ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”" ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื›"ื˜ (ืชืฉื "ื) 113.

[14] D.G Baird "The Uneasy Casa for Coporate Reorganizations 15, J.of Legal Stud.(1981) 128

[15] ื' ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื’ืœ "ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช", ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื˜ื– (ืชืฉื "ื‘) 271.

[16] ื”ืชืฉื "ื˜ 1999, ืก"ื— ืชืฉื "ื˜ 1711.

[17] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, (ืกืœื•ืžื™) ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 48.

[18] ื’' ืžื•ื ื“ืœืง, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ: ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื" ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–' (ืชืฉื "ื˜) 65.

[19] ืจ' ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, "ื”ืขืกืงืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขืช ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืกื™ืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ", ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื', ืขืž' 21-22.

[20] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, 79.

[21] ื‘ื’"ืฆ 153/83 ืœื•ื™ ื ' ืžืคืงื— ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืค"ื“ ืœื—(2) 393.

[22] ื‘ื’"ืฆ 205/94 ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื ื•ืฃ ื ' ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืค"ืข ื ื 19.

[23] ื‘ื’"ืฆ 4541/94 ืืœื™ืก ืžื™ืœืจ ื ' ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืค"ื“ ืžื˜(4) 94.

[24] The universal Decleration of Human Rights, Adopted by UN General Assembly Resolution 217A (III) of 10 December 1948.ย ย ย ย  .

[25] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, G.A. res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N.GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 49, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3, entered into force Jan. 3, 1976.

[26] ืจ' ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืชืฉื "ื˜, ื›ืจืš ื') 238.

[27] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 94.

[28] ื‘ื’"ืฆ 1074/93 ื‘ื–ืง ื ' ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื—', ืค"ืฉ ืžื˜(2) 485, ื‘ืขืž' 497.

[29] ื‘ื’"ืฆ 7029/95 ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ' ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืค"ื“ ื ื(2) 63.

[30] ื' ื‘ืจืง, "ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช", ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื (ืชืฉื "ื“ โ€“ 1994) 271, 285.

[31] ื‘ื’"ืฆ 161/94 ืื˜ืจื™ ื ' ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืจืš ืœื” 702.

[32] ืข"ื 7038/93 ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื ' ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ, ืชืงื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ 95(3) 551.

[33] A. Gross Issues and Questions on Israel's combined initial and second report concerning the implementation of the united nations covenant on economic, cultural rights (Israel,1997)

[34] ืก"ื— ืชืฉื "ื‘, 150.

[35] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™", ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—', (ืชืฉืก"ื) ืขืž' 143. [35]

[36] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื' (ืชืฉืก"ื‘) ืขืž' 150.

[37] ืจ' ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ื—ืœืง ื', ืชืฉืก"ื‘ 39).

[38] J.W. Singer, "The Reliance Interest in Property" 40(3) Stanford L. Rev. (1988) 611, 622.

[39] ื“ื‘ืข ืœื’/9-3 "ืฆืจื™"-ื“ืจื™ืงืก, ืคื“"ืข ื“ 477.

[40] ืขืกืง 400024/98 ื”ืกืชื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” โ€“ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื โ€“ ืฆื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืข"ืž ืคื“"ืข ืœื• 97.

[41] ื—' ื“ื’ืŸ, "ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช" ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื› (ืชืฉื "ื•) 45, 56.

[42] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื' (ืชืฉืก"ื‘), ืขืž' 152.

[43] ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืืชื™ืงื” โ€“ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื ื™ืงื•ืžืื›ื•ืก, ืชืจื’ื ื™.ื’ ืœื˜ื™ื‘ืก, ืฉื•ืงืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 1985.

[44] J. Bentham, A Fragment on Government, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1988 ,3.

[45] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื' ื ื•ืจื™, "ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืœืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 113 ืœืคืจืง 11 ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™" ืžืื–ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ (ืชืฉืก"ื โ€“ ืชืฉืก"ื‘) 245.

[46] R.A Posner, "The Ethical and Political Basis of Effiency Norm in Common Law Adjudication 8 Hofstra L. Rev. (1980)

[47] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื' (ืชืฉืก"ื‘), ืขืž' 157.

[48] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 163.

[49] ืฉื, ืขืž' 186.

[50] ืฉื, ืขืž' 181.

[51] ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื“ื•"ื— ืžืก' 1, ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (22.1.99)

[52] ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช), ื”ืชืฉื "ื” โ€“ 1995.

[53] ืง"ืช ืชืฉืก"ื‘, 868

[54] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื' (ืชืฉืก"ื‘), ืขืž' 159.

[55] ื™' ื‘ื”ื˜, "ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœื•ืช" ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื– (ืชืฉืž"ื˜) 221.

[56] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื' ื ื•ืจื™, "ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืœืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 113 ืœืคืจืง 11 ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™" ืžืื–ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ (ื”ืชืฉืก"ื โ€“ ื”ืชืฉืก"ื‘) 250.

[57] ืข"ื 272/83 ืค"ื“ ืœ"ื˜ (3) 561.

[58] ื”ืž' (ื™-ื) 2328/85 588/80 ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ืื—' ื ' ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื•ืื—', ืค"ืž ืชืฉืž"ื˜ 27(2), ื‘ืขืž' 31.

[59] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื' ื ื•ืจื™, "ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืœืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 113 ืœืคืจืง 11 ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™" ืžืื–ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ (ืชืฉืก"ื โ€“ ืชืฉืก"ื‘) 257.

[60] ืช"ื (ืชื) 1691/56 ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื ' ืคืœืก ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื, ืค"ืž ื™"ื˜(ืช) 25.

[61] ื”' ื‘ืจ-ืžื•ืจ, "ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื", ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื” (ืชืฉื "ื” 1995) 63.

[62] ืช"ื (ืช"ื) 2737/85, 2471, ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื ' ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืค"ืž ืชืฉื "ื• (525).

[63] ืช"ื (ื™-ื) 1611/82 ืืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื, 167, 195.

[64] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 196.

[65] ืชืฉื "ื’ โ€“ 1963 ืก"ื— 404, ื”ืชืฉื›"ื’ (16.8.1963), ืขืž' 136.

[66] ื“ื‘"ืข ืœ3 -22/ืœื ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื›ื™ื, ืคื“"ืข ื‘ 169.

[67] ืคืฉ"ืจ (ืช"ื) 224/00, ืžืคืขืœื™ ืคืœื“ื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืข"ืž ื ' ื ื™ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ (ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื), ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื™ื•ื 28.11.00.

[68] ืกืขื™ืฃ 384(ื“) ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืชืงื ื” 66 ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช (ืคื™ืจื•ืง), ืชืฉืž"ื– โ€“ 187, ืง"ืช 5028.

[69] ื“ื‘"ืข ืœ"ื— 146-0 ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ โ€“ ืœื‘ื ื” ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ื‘, ืคื“"ืข ื™ 271.

[70] ื—' ื”ืจื“ื•ืฃ "ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช โ€“ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช" ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™"ื‘ (ืชืฉืžื’ 472, ื‘ืขืž' 496-503.

[71] ื—' ื”ืจื“ื•ืฃ, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื, (ืชืฉืž"ื—), ื‘ืขืž' 77.

[72] ืชืฉื™"ื— โ€“ 1958, ืก"ื— 247.

[73] ืข"ื 148/68 ื›ื•ื ืก ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื ' ื”ื™ืค ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืจ โ€“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž, ืค"ื“ ื›ื”(2) 446.

[74] ืชืฉืœ"ื โ€“ 1971, ืก"ื— 636.

[75] ืคืฉ"ืจ (ืช"ื) 1001/00 ืจื•"ื— ืืคืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉื™, ื›ื•ื ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื“ื™ื˜ืง ื ' ืื•ืจื” ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืชืง-ืžื— 2002(1) 43378.

[76] ืคืฉ"ืจ (ืช"ื) 1268/01, ื‘ืฉ"ื 24584/01 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืจื“ื’ืืจื“ ื ' ืจื“ื’ืืจื“ ื‘ืข"ืž, ืชืง- ืžื— 2002(1) 6862.

[77] ืคืจืง ื•'3 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 16) ื”ืชืฉืœ"ื” โ€“ 1975, ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื—' ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ [ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘], ืชืฉื "ื” โ€“ 1995, ืก"ื— 1522.

[78] ืคืฉ"ืจ (ืช"ื) 3/96, ื‘ืฉ"ื 21042/01 ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื•ื•ืจ ื ' ืคืื•ืืจืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืชืง- ืžื— 2002(1) 4004.

[79] ืข"ืข ืœื”3/73– ื’ื™ืกื•ืŸ- ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืข"ืž, ืคื“"ืข ื– 293.

[80] ืคืฉ"ืจ (ื™-ื) 85/93, ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ' ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž (ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง), ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“, ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื›ืจืš ืœื‘(2) 623.

[81] ืคืฉ"ืจ (ืช"ื) 66/98 ื‘ืฉ"ื 8087/01 ืื™ื–ื“ื•ืจืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื—' ื ' ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืื—', ืชืง-ืžื— 2001(2) 22531.

[82] ืช"ื 2769/89 ื›ืฅ ื ' ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื).

[83] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 238.

[84] ืก"ื— 533.

[85] ื' ืคืจื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื”, ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, (ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืชืฉื "ื“ โ€“ 1993, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ืข"ืฉ ืกืืงืจ, ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื) 612-613.

[86] ืข"ื‘ 2427/98 ืžื™ื›ืœ ืงื™ืกืœื•ืง ื•ืื—' ื ' ื.ื‘ ืงื™ืกืœื•ืง ื‘ืข"ืž ืชืง-ืขื‘ 2001(1) 1368.

[87] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 252.

[88] Protection of Wages Convention, 1949, (No. 95)

[89] Blanpain, International Encyclopedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relation, 17-CoE

[90] Official Journal of the European Communities, No L 283/23, 28 Oct. 1980.

[91] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื' ื ื•ืจื™, "ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืœืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 113 ืœืคืจืง 11 ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™" ืžืื–ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ (ืชืฉืก"ื โ€“ ืชืฉืก"ื‘) 260.

[92] Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-898, 92 Stat. 2549, codified as 11 U.S.C 37

.(1982)

[93] Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984, Pub.L.No 98-353, 98 Stat 391 (1984) (BAFJA).

[94] NLRB V. Bildisco & Bildisco, 465 U.S. 513, 523, 104 S.Ct. 1188, 1149, 79 L.E.d.2d 482, 493 (C.B.C. 2d 1219, 1226) 1984

[95] National Labor Relation Act- 8 (d)

[96] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื' ื ื•ืจื™, "ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืœืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ 113 ืœืคืจืง 11 ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™" ืžืื–ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ (ืชืฉืก"ื โ€“ ืชืฉืก"ื‘) 268.

[97] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 308.

[98] Insolvency Act, 1986, s117, s251, Companies Act, 1985, s 744.

[99] In Re General Stock Company โ€“ Chapman's Case (1866)1 LR Eq. 346.

[100] In Re R.S Newman Ltd., Raphael's Claim, (1916) 2 ch. 309

[101] G.B Graham, "The effect of Liquidation on Contracts of Service" 15 M.L.R (1952) 52.

[102] Re Paramount Airways Ltd (No. 3) (1993) BBC 172.

[103] The Protection of Workers' Claim in the Event of the Employers Insolvency (Geneva, ed. By Yemin &A.S Bronstein, International Labour office, 1991)

[104] ืฉื, ื‘ืขืž 20-22.

[105] ืฉื ื‘ืขืž' 26-27.

[106] ืฉื, ื‘ืขืž' 28-29.

[107] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 324.

[108] Federalย  Labour Act, 1969,s.113

[109] ILO, Governing Body Document G.B 234/2/1, 234TH Session, Geneva 17-21 Nov.1986

[110] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 329.

[111]ย  The Protection of Workers' Claim in the Event of the Employers Insolvency (Geneva, ed. By Yemin &A.S Bronstein, International Labour office, 1991) 63.

[112] ืฉื, ื‘ืขืž' 39-41.

[113] ืฉื, ื‘ืขืž' 49-54.

[114] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื' (ืชืฉืก"ื‘), ืขืž' 159.

[115] ื' ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื’ืœ, "ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช" ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื˜"ื– (ืชืฉื "ื‘) 268, 277.

[116] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 363.

[117] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื' (ืชืฉืก"ื‘), ืขืž' 162.

[118] ืจ' ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืชืฉื "ื— โ€“ 1998, ื›ืจืš ื') 71.

[119] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื' (ืชืฉืก"ื‘), ืขืž' 164.

[120] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 378.

[121] ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ [ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘], ืชืฉืž"ื“ -1984.

[122] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืกืœื•ืžื™), ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003, ืขืž' 346.

[123] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื–, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื' (ืชืฉืก"ื‘), ืขืž' 167.

[124] ืž' ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, "ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™", ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—, ืขืž' 150.

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